47o 



BIRDS OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA PART 4 



farther east it is known from scattered locations and in small numbers 

 in the Province of Panama, the Canal Zone, and Darien. Beyond 

 Panama, this species is found in Costa Rica and south to Peru and 

 northern Argentina. 



White-lined Tanagers usually move about in pairs. They seem to 

 feed primarily on fruit. The male I found at Puerto Armuelles was in 

 a grove where birds had gathered to feed on figs. At Juan Mina, Canal 

 Zone, I once saw a pair feeding on an ear of corn that had been opened 

 by some other animal. E. A. Goldman's notes from the Canal Zone 

 mention seeing a female with the flowering parts of a false banana in 

 her mouth. A male collected by Strauch (Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 1977, 

 p. 65) weighed 30.9 g and a female 27.5 g. Slud (Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 Nat. Hist., vol. 128, 1964, p. 363) found this species usually silent, 

 delivering only occasionally a song of "seed-eater like musical chirps" 

 or a "weak metallic 'sip'." A nest found at Gatun in the Canal Zone on 

 May 7, 1911, was in a clump of leaves of wild banana 7 m from the 

 ground. The two eggs measured .70 X .94 and .71 X .96 inches and were 

 gray, spotted and scrawled with black (Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Philadelphia, vol. 70, 1918, p. 279). I have no other information on 

 the breeding of this species. 



TACHYPHONUS LUCTUOSUS d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye: White- 

 shouldered Tanager, Frutero Espaldiblanco 



T.[achyphonus] luctuosus d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837, Mag. Zool. [Paris] 

 7, cl. 2, p. 29. (Guarayos, Bolivia.) 



Small; male all black except for white wing coverts and, in one race, 

 orange patch in center of crown; female, upper surface olive-green 

 (one race with gray head) ; throat whitish, rest of undersurface yellow. 



Description. — Length 125-141 mm. Adult male, entirely black ex- 

 cept for inner upper wing coverts and underwing coverts, which are 

 white, and in one race, nitidis simus , yellow-orange central crown-patch. 



Adult female, upper surface including wing coverts and tail, olive- 

 green; in one race, panamensis, head and nape are gray; remiges dusky, 

 edged greenish yellow; throat dingy whitish; rest of undersurface dark 

 yellow, becoming more greenish on sides and flanks; underwing coverts 

 white. 



The White-shouldered Tanager has an interestingly disjunct range 

 in Panama, with 2 decidedly uncommon races confined to lowlands of 

 the westernmost parts of the Republic and a third race that is common 

 from northern Code and the Canal Zone eastward. Each of the races 



