550 BIRDS OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA PART 4 



A male collected at Puerto Armuelles, Chiriqui, on February 10, 

 1966, had the iris dark brown; mandibular rami for lower two-thirds 

 neutral gray; rest of bill black; tarsus and toes fuscous-brown; claws 

 black. 



Measurements. — Males (10 from Panama and Costa Rica), wing 

 79.3-86.2 (82.1), tail 61.8-73.8 (69.3), culmen from base 19.0-22.7 

 (21.4), tarsus 19.3-21.2 (20.7) mm. 



Females (10 from Panama and Costa Rica), wing 73.6-84.5 (77.7), 

 tail 61.8-69.3 (64.9), culmen from base 19.0-22.8 (21.1), tarsus 19.3- 

 21.3 (20.2) mm. 



Resident. Common in the lowlands of Chiriqui and in Veraguas at 

 least as far as Sona and Isla Cebaco, and also in the Almirante Bay 

 region of western Bocas del Toro. Arce collected specimens at Santa 

 Fe, Calovevora, and Chitra (Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, vol. 1, pt. 43, 1885, p. 346); the Calovevora specimen (British 

 Museum no. 85.12.14.257) agrees with birds from Chiriqui. R. R. 

 Benson collected 2 females between 600 and 750 m on Cerro Montosa, 

 Los Santos, in 1925 (American Museum of Natural History nos. 

 233287 and 233288) . In Chiriqui, it has been collected as high as 1230 

 m near El Volcan, by Worth (Auk, 1939, pp. 309-310). In Bocas del 

 Toro, it has been collected at Changuinola, Western River, and Al- 

 mirante (Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, vol. 71, 1931, p. 337). It 

 ranges north to Nicaragua. 



In Panama there is marked incipient subspeciation within toddi. 

 Birds from the Pacific slope (Sona and Isla Cebaco in Veraguas, 

 Puerto Armuelles, El Volcan, Bugaba, and El Banco in Chiriqui) have 

 the bill markedly larger and longer than in birds from the Atlantic 

 slope at Almirante. There is virtually no overlap in bill measurements 

 ( 13 males from the Pacific slope range from 20.0 to 22.2 mm in culmen 

 length, average 20.9; 7 males from Almirante range from 17.8 to 20.1 

 mm., average 19.0). Thus, virtually all individuals from Panama can 

 be identified as coming from one slope or the other solely on bill size. 

 The differences break down in Costa Rica, however, so that recognition 

 of more than one subspecies within the populations now listed as toddi 

 is impractical. 



Worth (op. cit.) found this species nesting near El Volcan on June 

 29, 1937, when the female was incubating two eggs. "The nest was in 

 a small sapling at the edge of a forest trail. . . . about seven feet from 

 the ground and appeared rather flat from the outside, but in reality it 

 was deeply cupped within. It was loosely built of coarse sticks and 

 stalks, with a slightly less coarse lining of roots and grasses. . . . The 



