130 PROCEEDINGS OF THIRTY-SIXTH FRUIT-GROWERS ' CONVENTION. 



found to be infested with the aphis, it is well to pour several gallons of a 

 strong tobacco decoction into the basin and then refill with new earth. 

 In addition to spraying, the trees should be examined for tussock 

 caterpillar eggs, and sappy bark disease infections. The latter trouble 

 may require several inspections during the winter to prevent undue 

 spread of the disease. Cutting off the infected branches is advised, 

 except when these are large and only have one side attacked. In such 

 cases cut away the diseased bark to healthy tissue, and then watch care- 

 fully for further outbreaks. 



With the advent of spring the most important consideration is the 

 control of the codling moth, but the powdery mildew is a close second 

 and even more consequential in some localities. We will take up the 

 two cases, first the control of the codling moth alone, and second with 

 the mildew. Provided there is no necessity of spraying for the apple 

 scab, the spring and summer applications will contain only arsenate 

 of lead. Four thorough sprayings with this material, and properly 

 timed, will insure practical control of the codling moth, tent caterpillars 

 and cankerworms, as well as several other leaf feeders. The first appli- 

 eation is due when the majority of the blossoms have fallen, from the 

 middle of April to the first of May. The second spraying comes in the 

 latter part of May and the third about the middle of June. It is pos- 

 sible that these three sprayings will be all that is required for the 

 control of the codling moth, but experience has taught us that in many 

 cases this early work is not done thoroughly, and the second-generation 

 worms may be numerous enough to cause considerable damage. To 

 meet this contingency a fourth application of arsenate of lead should 

 be made between the middle of August and the first of September. 

 The correct amount of arsenate of lead to use in all of these applica- 

 tions is about 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water, and the neutral or ortho 

 compound should be chosen in order to avoid foliage injury. Thorough- 

 ness of all the applications is a point quite as important as the timing, 

 and failures which have occurred are easily explained as the result of 

 improper use without assuming any fault in the arsenate of lead. 



This statement of procedure covers the simplest general condition, 

 but arsenate of lead is an insecticide only, and even its most thorough 

 use leaves the trees exposed to the attacks of fungus diseases. When 

 there is much rain in April and May the apple scab is to be feared, for 

 the lime-sulphur applications in the winter may not have been suffi- 

 ciently effective to prevent all injury. Under these conditions the first 

 application should include the Bordeaux mixture. A suitable Bordeaux- 

 arsenate of lead mixture can be prepared by following these directions. 



Three pounds of bluestone dissolved in 10 gallons, and four pounds 

 of lime slaked and mixed with 20 gallons of water should be poured 

 together and well agitated. The arsenate of lead and water necessary 

 to make 50 gallons is added to this mixture. 



Bordeaux may russet the fruit if the application is followed by rains, 

 and bellflowers should never be sprayed with it, as this variety is easily 

 russeted and but little subject to the scab. 



The second case to be discussed is that which includes the control of 

 the powdery mildew. This may be accomplished by adding iron sul- 

 phide to the early codling moth sprayings, and inserting an additional 

 application. The timing of these applications throws them about two 



