ii 



late the force applied to the handles. The dotted lines h show the 

 circuit from left to right made by the instrument during the operation 

 of girdling. 



Figure 111. BETTINGERS CUTTLXG jXIPPERS. 



Bettinger's utensil deserves to be preferred to all others for safety 

 and expedition in girdUng. The inventor is a lock-smith in Paris, 

 Rue du Faubourg-du-Temple, No. 94. 



A. shows it in front, B. in profile. The several parts are a, the 

 handles ; b, spring to keep them open ; c, foux steel edges ; d, screws 

 to fasten the edges. From the shape of these edges, which are set 

 free in the prongs or nippers of the instrument, and aiB scre"wed 

 across an opening, there is a passage above and below them, as they 

 work, by which the bark and skin is carried off. The edges, fhey 

 are mounted, do not prt ject further in face of the prongs than ie 

 necessary for cutting the bark without hurting the wood^ 



Figure IV. MACHLXE FOR CRUSHING THE GRAPES 



The idea of this machine originated with M. Acher, of Chartres ; 

 but has been brought to its present perfection by the author of this 

 treatise. Not the smallest berry can escape its action which redu- 

 ces them to pumice with celerity, exactitude, and neatness. 



It is composed of a wooden frame-work, to the upper part of which 

 a hopper, a, is atteched, into w^hich the grapes are thrown. From 

 thi^, the berries pass under a cylinder, b, which is turned by an iron 

 handle, c ; the cylinder is garnished with nail heads which scrape, 

 as the cylinder revolves, against the teeth of an iron comb, d, which 

 is firmly suspended from the hopper a, by two screwed hinges, e. 



The cylinder b, should be a foot in diameter and three and a half 

 long. The nail-heads must be driven into it in bias or slant-wise 

 lines J the spindle of it should be iron, and for the convenience of the 

 workman, should have a turned wooden handle k, over the iron 

 spindle. The spindle is slung at both ends, into a notch I ; and the 

 back of the hopper, and a portion of the sides of it, are canied down, 

 beyond the cylinder, in such a manner as to form a projecting, broad, 

 open gutter or sUde, down which pours the bruised pumice into such 

 vessels as are stationed to receive it 



