No. 634] 



UTILIZATION OF ECHINODERMS 



417 



had the opportunity to consult literature on these points. 



Brunchorst (1898) shows that a number of excellent 

 food fish common to the coast of Norway feed on echino- 

 derms, and mentions especially: Anarrhichas lupus, ami 

 A. minor; Lycodes esmarckii; Pleuronectes microceph- 

 alus, and P. platessa; others not used as food fish but 

 which feed on echinoderms are, A. latifrons, P. cynoglos- 

 sus, and Galeus vulgarus. Perhaps other food fish such 

 as Gadus callarias and G. pollachius also feed on echino- 

 derms, as I have at least found at times small starfish in 

 their stomachs. 



Carr (1907) found that out of 150 starry rays {Rata 

 radiata) ten contained echinoderms (Arteritis, Echinus, 



and Ophiocoma), and out of 12 haddock {Gadus ccglefinus) 

 two contained echinoderms (Ophiocoma). Three out of 

 13 wolffish (Anarrhichas lupus) contained echinoderms. 

 In 1908, the same author tabulated observations on 370 

 common dab (Pleuronectes Umanda) and showed that out 

 of this number, 56 contained echinoderms, e.g., Ophiuroids 

 and Echinoids; 5 long rough dab (Hippoglossus Uman- 



