30 



SPRINGS AND THEIR ORIGtN. 



On Ban Ban station, in the Burnett district, thero is £. large 

 spring of this character which flows under a basaltic plain twenty 

 miles square. Between the Normanby River in the Cook district 

 and Deep Creek, you have a spring also of the same description, 

 with the exception that it bursts forth in the middle of the 

 lava plain, and forms what are called the upper springs on the 

 Palmer Road, repeating the operation twelve miles further down. 

 The Toowoomba water supply is another instance, only that the 

 old mouths of the spring are within two hundred yards of the 

 old post office, and could have been opened out at a small expense 

 Wherever a patch of black soil occurs in a red soil country you 

 have an old mouth of a spring now silted up. 



In the neighbourhood of Bundaberg, and in several other 

 places, springs of this class occur, due to a lava stream which 

 started about Gayndah, flowing into and filling up the old bed of 

 the Burnett River (PI. vii.), and where the ancient water- 

 course existed you have now the celebrated Bingerra and Wan- 

 gerra scrubs, under which a large quantity of water is found at a 

 depth varying from forty to one hundred feet. 



Springs of this kind exist at — Ban Ban, Burnett ; Deep 

 Creek, Cook ; Toowoomba, Darling Downs ; Helidon, Moreton ; 

 Highfields, Darling Downs ; Barolin, Bundaberg ; Wongerra, 

 Bundaberg ; Spring Creek, Logan ; Springfield, on the old Cleve- 

 land Road ; Allingham Creek, Nulla Nulla, 140 miles west of 

 Townsville, where there are four strong running springs ; Pan- 

 danus Creek, near Townsville ; hot and soda springs on Byrne 

 and Flinders ; a large spring at Kilcragie, on the Burnett ; Amby 

 Downs, in the Maranoa District. Water may be found under- 

 neath the volcanic deposits which form Redland Bay, Wellington 

 Point, Cleveland, Victoria Point, St, Helena, and Humpy Bong, 

 in Moreton Bay. 



There are two or three splendid permanent water-falls in the 

 Cook District which must be included in this class. 



Class III. — Springs Due to Faults or Dislocations. 



An example of this kind of spring, which exists in every 

 district in Queensland, is found in the neighbourhood of Bunda- 

 berg, due to a fault in the coal formation, about eighteen miles 

 long with thirty-two feet of a drop to the east. This fault sup- 

 plies the water to the springs in that neighbourhood. (PI. viii. a, 

 and viii. b. 



On the sea-side of the Main Coast Range the rocks gene- 

 rally dip towards the sea, and the islands and coral reefs which 



