1. Do not permit any grazing on direct- seeded areas for 

 at least 3 years after seeding. The amount of grazing 

 allowable thereafter will depend on circumstances too 

 numerous to list here. 



2. Protect plantations of 1-0 pine seedlings from grazing 

 for at least 2 years, if practical. Some seedling loss 

 will occur even under moderate grazing. However, 

 there may be situations where the landowner will feel 

 that the cost of fencing and livestock exclusion will 

 exceed seedling losses from grazing. 



3. Do not permit overgrazing of any forest range. For 

 yearlong grazing, each cow needs 12 to 15 acres of 

 open range, 16 to 30 acres of average piney woods range, 

 and 30 to 50 acres in well- stocked timber stands with 

 scattered openings or firebreaks. 



4. Watch out for and prevent undue concentrations of 

 cattle. Any treatment that stimulates grass growth 

 usually attracts cattle and results in concentrated grazing. 

 The damage is apt to be great if the treated area is small 

 in comparison to the surrounding range even if it is 

 lightly stocked with cattle. 



5. Although this section deals with cattle specifically, 



it should be kept in mind that pine reproduction may suffer 

 even greater damage from sheep, goats, and horses. 



Serious cattle concentration and damage has occurred in these 

 situations: 



Burned areas. Small burns in a large grazing area are bad. 

 Fall or winter burns to prepare planting sites leave essentially 

 nothing to graze until the next spring, except the planted pines. 



Cultivated or disked areas. Cattle flock to such areas or strips 

 as soon as the new grass starts growing. In one instance the 

 disturbance of old grass rough by a planting machine was suffi- 

 cient to draw cattle from the surrounding open range. 



Fertilized areas. Cattle may graze such areas closely enough 

 to destroy the native grasses and pine seedlings. 



- 27 - 



