No. 508] NOTES AND LITERATURE 



251 



not by butting, but by fighting with their fore feet. Likrwi.se 

 Henslow claims that similar structures in widely different plants 

 in similar environments prove that these structures were di- 

 rectly produced by the environment. On the other hand, it can 

 not be denied that some of these cases may be due to the similar 



Even Weismann was prepared to admit the inheritance of ac- 

 quired characters in Protozoa, but Jennings 4 has thrown experi- 

 mental doubt upon that also. In a second paper 5 he shows that 

 the environment is, indeed, a large factor in determining the size 

 of Panimccium, but. as yet, he has found no proof that these 

 effects are inherited. Even selection seems powerless to affect 

 the size within a "pure line." However, pure lines differing 

 in size can easily be isolated by selection, thus confirming by a 

 zoological example the results reached by several botanists, 

 notably Johannsen. The variation curve of size is considered to 

 be formed by a mixture of pure lines whose dimensions are modi- 

 fied by the environment and growth factors. 



Frank E. Lutz. 



EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 

 Hybridology and Gynandromorphism. — Raepke 1 has made a de- 

 tailed examination of some of the hybrids (bastards) between 

 certain species and varieties of Smerinthus (ocellata, populi and 

 its variety Austanti). The material was obtained from the 

 famous hybridologist Standfuss. 



The anatomical results may be summed up as follows : 

 The internal genitalia of the normal male moths show much 

 variation but in the hybrids the variations are more extreme; 

 and often amount to "anomalies," and monstrosities, in the 

 internal organs. Sperm elements are present and reach different 

 stages of maturity, most of them degenerate later, producing 

 a few imperfect spermatozoa. The female hybrids show also 

 greatly modified sexual anomalies, both the germinal region 

 as well as the ducts may be abnormal or even absent. Hand in 



«" Heredity, Variation and Evolution in Protozoa. I. ^The Fate^of 



I Characters in Protozoa." J own. 



m in Protozoa. II. Heredity and 

 m.H-iuin. with Studies of Growth, 

 Pro,: !■ ■ r r, !: , Phil. Soc, XLVII, 



