No. 604] SOURCES OF ANATOMICAL LITERATURE 205 



profession of many of the men included in the list, and 

 for this reason many whose names are in the list are not 

 classified here. For instance, Petrus d'Abano, who pub- 

 lished in 1496 the first illustrations of the abdominal mus- 

 cles, was either a physician or a professional philosoi:)her, 

 and probably the former, since Locy says the illustrations 

 seem to have been based on a dissection. And there is a 

 story concerning the large fees charged by Abano, which 

 indicates that his profession may have been medicine, 

 although his intellectual interests were chiefly philo- 

 sophical. BartholomtEus Anglicus was probably a physi- 

 cian or a publisher. At any rate he published in 1485 

 one of the first printed illustrations (a wood cut) of any 

 anatomical interest. Many surgeons have contributed to 

 anatomy, and were really at the same time teachers of 

 anatomy, such as Nicolas Ivajiovitch Pirogoff, who wrote 

 an enormous cross-section anatomy in five volumes, pub- 

 lished in 1852 ; notwithstanding which he is classed in the 

 list as a surgeon, since his anatomical teaching appears 

 to have been incidental to his surgery. 



The social status of the men who have developed ana- 

 tomical knowledge has been difficult to determine because 

 of scant biographical data. There is sufficient, however, 

 to indicate that contributors to anatomical knowledge 

 have been recruited from a wide range of social condi- 

 tions. Some of them, and often the brightest, have lived 

 in poverty. Others have been representatives of a much 

 higher social class. It may safely be said that the study 

 of biological matters Ims nttiactod attention of no special 

 class, but that interost Iims 1)c(M1 scattered. It maybe said 

 that the great majority of men who have developed 

 anatomical knowledge have been men of moderate attain- 

 ments, belonging to an average rank in the social scale. 

 The above statements must be modified by the conditions 

 under which the men lived and the aixv in which they lived. 

 During the early centuries of the Cliri-tian Kia living 

 conditions in general were not so wliolt'soiiic'" as they 

 have since become. 



aoHirsch, August, "Handbook of Geographical and Historioal' Pathol- 

 ogy," 3 vols. 



