No. 609] STUDIES ON INBREEDING 555 



TABLE VII 

 Pedigree op Imp. White Queen (545726) 













1 



No. 409267 cJ'l No. 409193 



Inspector 







, i 1 ' 



No. 9 iNo. 409093 



Dainty Bean 





f ; 







Xn. 433648 cf No. 80356 







White Sunshine ' 





N... 9 No. 501767 



Levens Guardsman 







Landford Diamond ^ 



(all involved from the second ancestral generation) and 

 hence 



So that we may say that Imp. Milk Maid and Imp. 

 White Queen are 50 per cent, related in the first ancestral 

 generation, and 75 per cent, in the second and third. 

 This case will illustrate the superiority of the present 

 exact numerical expression of relationship over the ordi- 

 nary verl)al expression. These two cows are half si<:ters, 

 both having the same sire (this degree of rt'lntioii-^liip is 

 indicated numerically always by = 50). i)nt tlioy are 

 more closely related than two individuals wh'wh an- n„h/ 

 lialf sisters, because they have aJsn nuo gran<Niiv ( 15onU"r 

 Stamp) in connnon. Their total d.'-iivt' of r*'1atioiis]ii|) 

 is simply not expressible verbally, by aii\ h"i-ni of kiu-hiii 

 known to me in the English language. Vet by the method 



