castille'ja. 



48 



CATERPILLARS. 



plants, of which only one species, C. 

 Fraseriana, Ait., a native of Ame- 

 rica, deserves a place in the flower- 

 garden. It grows about half a foot in 

 height, has broader leaves than the 

 common Sedges, and produces its large 

 white flowers, which look like little 

 lilies, from April to June. It requires 

 a moist loamy soil, or to be grown in 

 a pot, and kept in a pan of water. 



Carnation. — See Dia'nthus. 



Carob tree. — See Ceratonia. 



Caroli'nea. — BromelidcecB. — 

 Splendid tropical low trees, one of 

 which, C. insignis, occasionally flowers 

 in British stoves. It requires a rich 

 loamy soil, and plenty of space ; and 

 it may be propagated by cuttings with 

 the leaves on, in sand under a glass, 

 and plunged in heat. 



Ca'rthamus. — Composites. — 

 Hardy annuals. C. tinctorius, the 

 Bastard Saffron, is an old inhabitant 

 of British gardens, and it only re- 

 quires sowing in the open air in 

 March or April. From the dried 

 flowers of this plant is made what is 

 called vegetable rouge. C. lanatus, 

 L., the Distaff Thistle, is now called 

 Kentrophyllum lanatum by DeCan- 

 dolle. 



Ca'ssia. — Lepuminosce. — The 

 Senna tret. Only a few of the species 

 are from temperate climates, and 

 among these, C. corymbosa, Lam., 

 is a very showy greenhouse shrub, 

 with yellow flowers ; and C. mari- 

 landica, from Maryland, is a peren- 

 nial herbaceous plant of easy culture 

 in the open garden. All the lig- 

 neous species are readily propagated 

 by cuttings, and the others by seeds 

 or division of the roots. 



Castille v ja. — Scrophularinoe. — 

 The American Painted Cup. C. coc- 

 cinea Sprengel, Bartsia L., Eu- 

 chroma Nut., is a hardy annual, with 

 yellow flowers and scarlet bracteas, 

 which only requires sowing in March 

 or April in the open ground. 



Cata'lpa. — Bignoniacece* — Deci- 

 duous trees, one of which, C. syrin- 

 gcefolia, Bot. Mag., is -quite hardy in 

 British shrubberies, in which it richly 

 deserves a place on account of its 

 splendid flowers. It will grow in any 

 common soil that is tolerably dry; 

 but if it has too much moisture, the 

 shoots, which are naturally soft, with 

 a large pith, will never be thoroughly 

 ripened. For the same reason, the 

 situation ought to be airy. It is pro- 

 pagated by seeds, or cuttings of the 

 roots. 



Catana'nche. — Composites. — Her- 

 baceous plants, natives of the south of 

 Europe. C. ccerulea is a perennial ; 

 C. bicolor, is a biennial ; and C. 

 lutea, an annual. All the species 

 have pretty flowers, but are rather 

 awkward-looking plants, from their 

 long and very slender flower-stalks. 

 They are of easy culture, but grow 

 best in poor gravelly soil. 



Catchflv. — See Silene. 



Caterpillars. — The larvae of 

 moths aud butterflies, and very de- 

 structive to vegetation. Many gar- 

 deners keep their gardens clear by 

 destroying the female butterflies and 

 moths before they have laid their 

 eggs (see Butterfly and Moth) ; 

 and others by carefully searching for 

 the eggs early in spring, when the 

 trees are without leaves. When these 

 preventive measures have been ne- 

 glected, the only effectual way to 

 prevent the ravages of caterpillars is 

 to pick them off the trees separately. 

 The visits of caterpillars are very un- 

 certain, and some seasons they are 

 much more abundant than in others. 

 Sometimes the caterpillars of the 

 Magpie Moth will entirely strip the 

 gooseberry bushes of their leaves, and 

 the fruit will, in consequence, become 

 tough and insipid ; and in other 

 seasons, the caterpillars of the Lackey 

 Moth, the Hawthorn Butterfly, aud the 

 Errnine Moth, will strip the hawthorn 



