WALLS. 



306 



WALLS. 



will be known by their beginning to 

 grow. In many cases, the cuttings 

 are merely put into the open garden ; 

 choosing a shady place, and mixing a 

 little sand with the mould, when the 

 ground is dug over before planting 

 them. C. mutdbilis is a half-shrubby 

 evergreen, with dark purple, yellow, 

 and lilac flowers, and it requires a 

 light rich soil. C. alplnus is a dwarf 

 plant, with small yellow flowers, and 

 is well adapted for rock work. The 

 stocks which were formerly considered 

 to belong to this genus, are now re- 

 moved to Mathiola. Both Stocks 

 and Wallflowers are frequently called 

 Gillifiowers, a corruption of July 

 flowers, as the Stocks flower about 

 that month. 



Walls for gardens are either used as 

 boundary fences, and at the same time 

 for the purpose of training plants on, 

 or they are erected in gardens for the 

 latter purpose only. They may be 

 formed of different materials accord- 

 ing to those that are most abundant 

 in any given locality ; but the best of 

 all walls for garden purposes are those 

 which are built of brick. Stone walls 

 are durable and good ; but the stones 

 being much larger than bricks, the 

 joints between them are too far apart 

 for the purpose of neat training. Mud 

 or earth walls when properly built 

 with a coping sufficient to throw off 

 the rain on every side, are dry, warm, 

 and very congenial to plants, but from 

 the fragile nature of the mud, they 

 are not well adapted for training on. 

 These two last kind of walls should, 

 therefore, be covered with wire or 

 wooden trellis-work, to which the 

 plants may be tied. Walls made of 

 boards are very good where they are 

 not required to be high ; and where 

 the boards are soaked with tar, or 

 coated over with pitch, and placed on 

 a footing of brickwork, stone, or oak- 

 plank, they will last many years. 

 Shelters, as substitutes for walls, are 



formed of panels of reeds covered 

 with trellis-work ; or sometimes in 

 Russia with wicker-work, the inter- 

 stices beiug caulked with moss ; and 

 both these kinds of substitutes for 

 walls last a number of years when 

 protected from perpendicular rains by 

 copings which project at least a foot 

 on every side, and when placed on 

 footings which secure them from the 

 damp of the soil. Walls have also 

 been formed for training on, by in- 

 serting large slates or thin flag-stones, 

 such as the Caithness pavement, either 

 in the soil (in which case the walls 

 are not above four or five feet in 

 height), or in frames of timber or 

 iron, in which case they may be of 

 any height required. Such walls are 

 always covered with trellis-work to 

 which the trees or plants are attached. 

 The most generally applicable kind 

 of walls, however, and those which 

 are by far the best for garden pur- 

 poses, are, as before observed, those 

 formed of brick. When the wall is 

 not intended to be more than four or 

 five feet in height, it need not exceed 

 nine inches in thickness ; and the 

 thickness of fourteen inches will ad- 

 mit of ten feet in height ; the wall in 

 both cases being built without piers 

 which are great impediments to good 

 training. With piers the height with 

 any given thickness may be increased 

 one-fourth. In no case, however, 

 ought garden -walls, or indeed division 

 or fence-walls of any kind which have 

 not a load to support perpendicularly, 

 or a pressure to resist on one side, to 

 be built with piers. The same object 

 may always be obtained by building 

 the walls hollow ; each side being of 

 the thickness of four inches, and the 

 two sides being joined together by 

 cross partitions of four-inch work. 

 An excellent garden-wall may thus 

 be raised to the height of twelve or 

 fourteen feet, with the same quantity 

 of bricks that would raise a nine-inch 



