102 



THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. 



a mould until the parts fit perfectly, when they 

 are called gauged arches or rubbed arches. 



Rough cut bricks are used for flat or scheme 

 arches, in such parts of good building as are 

 unseen, as in fronts covered with stucco, or in 

 plain work, as in back buildings. Plain 

 arches are used when the arch is semicircular 

 or semielliptic. From the inherent defect in 

 the form of a rectangular brick, it is a good 

 practice in plain arches of no gfreat span, in 

 walls above half a brick thick, to make the 

 arches of two or more thin independent rings; 

 for example, a nine inch arch of two concen- 

 tric half-brick arches, a fourteen inch arch of 

 three half-bricks, and so on ; this diminishes 

 the quantity of soft mortar which is required 

 to fill the joints. Hence the rule, the greater 

 the number of bricks the better the arch. Care 

 must be taken, however, to introduce headers 

 whenever the coincidence of the outer and 

 inner ring admits of it. Gauged arches are 

 used in fronts where a neat appearance is de- 

 sired. 



While the walls of a building are erecting, 

 the services of the carpenter are called into re- 

 quisition, in providing the necessary timber, 

 such as lintels, templates and wood bricks, 

 which require to be built into them. Lintels 

 are used over square-headed openings, and 

 serve to attach the joiners' work to, but they 

 should have an arch turned over them to re- 

 lieve them of the pressure, Avhen the height of 

 the wall above requires and will admit of it. 

 Such arches are called discharging arches. 

 When discharging arches are used with lintels, 

 the latter had better not have too great a hold 

 of the wall at each end, as causing the arch to 

 be made unnecessarily large. Where there 

 is no arch, the lintel should have a good 

 Avail hold, and its ends should rest on templates 

 or wood bricks built into the wall transversely. 



Though it is a good practical rule, that 

 nothing subject to decay, or liable to injury by 

 iire, should enter into the composition of a wall, 

 yet it is necessary in practice to depart from it 

 in the case of such timber as requires to be in- 

 serted in the walls for distributing the weight 

 of any object, such as the end of a beam over 

 a large surface of brick-work, and also the 

 yarious pieces necessary to obtain connection 

 between the walls and the finishings which are 

 afterwards to be applied. 



Wall plates are used to receive the ends of 

 joists and of rafters, to equalize the pressure 

 over the walls on which they rest. Templates 

 are strong pieces of timber, three or four feet 

 long, and are used to receive the ends of beams, 

 and distribute the pressure over the same length 

 of wall. Wood bricks are pieces of timber of 

 the size and shape of bricks, built in as bricks 

 in such places of the wall as it is necessary to 

 fix wood work to. Bond timber consists of 

 timber built into the walls in continuous rows, 

 for the same purposes as the wood bricks. 



The ends of all beams should have dischar- 



ging arches* turned over them, embracing the 

 whole length of the template. These may be 

 half a brick thick, and any wood built into 

 the heart of a wall should be completely em- 

 bedded in mortar and flushed up with it. — Cyclo- 

 pedia of Agriculture. 



Good Plan of Shoeing Horses. 



H. Hallen, V. S. of the Inniskelling 

 Dragoons, having for upwards of thirty 

 years taken great interest in the subject 

 of shoeing horses, offers the following 

 remarks, which appear in the Veterina- 

 rian : 



To prepare the fore foot for a shoe, a 

 level ground surface is made by a draw- 

 ing knife and rasp, taking off the usual 

 quantity of horn which would be worn 

 away at the ground surface of the crust. 

 At the toe there is a concavity made for 

 the reception of the : foot surlace of the 

 shoe at this part, caused by the turning up 

 of the toe of the shoe. The heels are not 

 what are generally termed opened by the 

 drawing knife, neither is there a particle 

 of the outside of the crust, sole, or frog 

 removed. 



The form of the shoe. — This is made flat 

 on the foot .surface, and concave on the 

 ground surface throughout, excepting at 

 the toe, which part is turned up so as to 

 have the form (inferiorly) of a shoe worn 

 some time. No clip at the toe or any 

 part of the shoe. The nail holes are coun- 

 tersunk : five are used, three on the outside 

 and two on the inside, placed so as to 

 retain the shoe securely on the foot, and, 

 at the same time, to interfere as little as 

 possible with the elasticity of the horn. 



Fitting the shoe to the foot. — Care is re- 

 quisite to have an equal bearing through- 

 out on the ground surface of the crust, 

 and the shoe not to project in the slightest 

 degree (outwards) in any part ; the heels 

 of the shoe to terminate evenly with the 

 foot. — Ohio Cultivator 



Western Hog Trade. — The Cincinnati 

 Gazette of the 14th says : 



The number of hogs packed at Vincen- 

 nes is estimated at 20,000, being an in- 

 crease, as compared with last year, of 

 2,000. The Indianapolis Journal of this 

 morning reports the number packed at 

 that place larger than the whole number 

 cut last season. 



