Causation of Vital Movement. 



447 



Flemniing, O. Hertwig, and the researches of Auerbach, Balbiani, van Beneden, 

 Eberth, Schleicher, Balfour, and others. 



2. Ferd. Cohn : " JSachtrage zur Naturgeschichte des Protococcus pluviatilis." 

 'Nova Acta Acad. Leopold. Caesar.,' vol. 22, P. II, p. 605 (1850). 



3. Max Schultze. ' Ueber den Organismus der Polythalamien.' Leipzig, 1854. 



4. W. Kiihne : ' Untersuchungen iiber das Protoplasma und die Contraktilitat.' 

 Leipzig, 1864, pp. 42, 66, 87, 102. 



5. Kiihne : ibid., p. 30. 



6. Th. W. Engelmann five years later confirmed the passage of protoplasm, 

 especially of Amoeba, to the spherical form on stimulating ; cf. his " Beitrage zur 

 Physiologic des Protoplasmas," ' Pfluger, Archiv,' vol. 2, 1869, p. 315, and ' Hand- 

 buch der Physiologie, herausg. von L. Hermann,' vol. 1, p. 367. 



7. Engelmann : " Ueber die Reizung des contraktilen Protoplasma durch plotz- 

 liche Beleuchtung." 'Pfluger, Archiv,' vol. 19, p. 1. 



8. Kiihne, l.c, pp. 50, 67, 88-89, 104-106. The cessation of the so-called sap- 

 stream in the cells of Chara on excluding the air by oil was observed as far back as 

 1774 by Bonaventura Corti ; and further by Hofmeister in Nitella under the 

 influence of reduced atmospheric pressure. Cf. Engelmann in ' Handbuch der 

 Physiol., von Hermann,' vol. 1, Part 1, p. 362. 



9. Cf. J. Bosenthal : ' Allgemeine Physiologie der Muskeln und Nerven.' Leipzig, 

 1877; p. 255. 



10. J. Grerlach : " Ueber das Verhalten der ISTerven in den quergestreiften 

 Muskelfaden der Wirbelthiere." 'Erlangen, Phys. Med. Soc. Sitzber.,' 1873.— 

 ' Das Verhaltniss der Nerven zu den willkiirJichen Muskeln der Wirbelthiere.' 

 Leipzig, 1874. — " Ueber das Verhaltniss der nervosen und contraktilen Substanz 

 des quergestreiften Muskels." 'Archiv Mikrosk. Anat.,' vol. 13, p. 399. 



A. Foettinger : " Sur les terminaisons des nerfs dans les muscles des inseetes." 

 'Archives de Biol.,' vol. 1, 3880. 



Engelmann: ' Pfluger, Archiv,' vol. 7, 1873, p. 47; vol. 11, 1875, p. 463; 

 vol. 26, p. 531. 



In these publications it is sought to prove that the motor nerves pass either into 

 the interstitial nucleated substance of the muscle (therefore into the sarcoglia) or 

 into the layers of the " Nebenscheiben." This latter view is opposed by, among 

 others, A. Bollett in his thoroughgoing exposition of the structure of muscle 

 (Vienna, ' Denkschriften der k. Akad.,' vol. 49, p. 29), and W. Kiihne ('Zeitschr. 

 f. Biol.,' vol. 23, p. 1). 



11. The experiments were performed during the lecture by projecting on the 

 wall images of the preparations enlarged some thirty times. 



12. Kiihne : " Ueber direkte und indirekte Muskelreizung mittelst chemischer 

 Agentien." ' Miiller's Archiv f . Anat.,' 1859, p. 213. 



13. Kiihne : " Ueber das doppelsinnige Leitungsvermogen der Nerven." 

 ' Zeitschr. f . Biol.,' vol. 22, p. 305. To demonstrate the experiment on the gracilis, 

 the muscle was fixed on a white piece of cork by needles, and held by elastic holders, 

 and its image thrown on the wall highly magnified by a Kriiss lantern. 



14. Kiihne : ibid., pp. 312, 324. 



15. William Bowman : " On the Minute Structure and Movements of Voluntary 

 Muscle." ' Phil. Trans.,' 1840, p. 457 ; and " Muscle— Muscular Motion " in the 

 ' Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology,' edited by B. B. Todd, vol. 3, 1S47, 

 pp. 506-530. 



16. E. Hering : " Ueber direkte Muskelreizung durch den Muskelstrom." 

 Vienna, ' Sitzber. k. Akad.,' vol. 79, Abth. 3, 1879. 



17. "Ueber chemische Keizungen ; nach Versuchen von stud. med. C. Iani." 

 ' Untersuch. aus der Physiol. Instit. der Univ. Heidelberg,' vol. 4, 1882, p. 266. 



