Tropical and Extra-tropical Cyclones. 



15 



lightning was seen any time during the day, and next morning was 

 beautifully clear. 



In this description the absence of lightning in the " kernel " of the 

 cyclone is very noticeable ; also, to a certain extent, the difference 

 between the threatening clouds a long way in front of the centre and 

 the beautifully clear sky in rear. 



Thus, when we combine this with the sudden shift of wind and 

 increased howl just as the mercury touched its lowest point, we see 

 slight traces of trough phenomena. 



The " Palmas " also passed to the west of the centre, and expe- 

 rienced slight trough phenomena. On the 31st she encountered 

 thick rain with increasing gale from N.E., while the barometer fell 

 fast. At 6 p.m., when the mercury marked 28'20 — apparently its 

 lowest point — she had the heaviest blow, the wind hauling to N.N.W. 

 and N.W., with fearful vivid flashes of lightning, thunder, and rain. 

 By 7 p.m., one hour later, the gale began to abate. 



The "Allahabad" passed on the east of the centre. By the 29th 

 a brickdust sunrise was observed, and by the 30th the weather 

 became threatening, the wind from S. to E., but the clouds from S., 

 with squalls and constant rain. On the 31st the cyclone commenced 

 with fury from E.S.E., barometer falling fast with rain and lightning, 

 and by 8 to 10 p.m., when the mercury touched its lowest point, the 

 wind veered to S.E. and S.S.E. to S., with lightning and heaviest 

 blow. By noon the next day the weather was fine. 



Here, and in all the other logs, we should notice how much further 

 the bad weather stretches in front than in rear of the cyclone. This 

 also is exactly in accordance with our experience of temperate zone 

 cyclones. 



At Noakholly, on the Sunderbund coast, the moon shone clear in 

 the " bull's eye " of the cyclone; and the observations point to the 

 existence either of two separate vortices, or of a single oval one whose 

 longer diameter was perpendicular to the line of propagation of the 

 whole cyclone or parallel to the trough. 



Typhoons in the China Seas. 



Manila. — The author will now consider the nature of typhoons in 

 the China Seas. These are very valuable, as they can be traced from 

 their origin in the Philippines till they gradually acquire an extra- 

 tropical character in the Japanese Islands. The notice will therefore 

 commence with the author's researches in Manila, where, through the 

 courtesy of Padre Faura, he obtained an immense amount of informa- 

 tion, which has not hitherto found its way to England. 



The general shape of typhoons in the Philippines is undoubtedly 

 oval, but the side towards which the centre lies is not only variable, 



