1906.] Liver Cells to the Blood-vessels and Lymphatics. 483 



but not of red blood corpuscles. He also believed that nucleated fusiform 

 cells in the capillary walls give rise to the lymphatics of the liver. 



Carter's paper does not appear to have been seen by many of the 

 subsequent workers, and is seldom mentioned in the literature. 



Hering (25), in 1866, criticised MacGillavry's work and was firmly convinced 

 that in the rabbit's liver no space exists between the capillary walls and liver 

 cells. Hering described the neighbouring liver cells as being connected 

 together by a " Scheidewand," which, when seen in profile, has the appearance 

 of a single dark line or a fine double contour with clear space between. The 

 last, he said, is not to be mistaken, as is done by MacGillavry, for the 

 contour of a natural canal ; it is due to the " Scheidewand " not being cut in 

 profile. Whether the wall is composed of cement substance between the 

 closely lying cell membranes or of a homogeneous substance is unsettled. 

 In an alcohol-hardened preparation Hering said two cells always separate so 

 that the protoplasm of one cell at least is torn away from the common 

 " Scheidewand." He could find no trace of any membrana propria in the 

 rabbit's liver and believed that the capillary wall is closely adherent to the 

 liver cells. The perivascular lymphatics described by MacGillavry, Hering 

 believed to be non-existent in the normal liver. He also stated that 

 MacGillavry was wrong in describing bile capillaries between blood-vessels 

 and liver cells. 



Kolliker(35) recognised connective-tissue cells in the lobules, and a fine 

 ground substance which accompanies the capillaries, but which is very 

 scanty in amount, and only revealed by special stains. 



Henle (24) denied the presence of intralobular connective-tissue cells, but 

 found fine threads between the capillaries and liver cells. 



In 1869, Ponfick (49) showed that after fine particles of cinnabar have 

 been injected intravenously in rabbits, guinea-pigs and dogs some hours 

 before death, a post-mortem examination of the liver shows that many of the 

 granules of cinnabar lie in round or oval amoeboid cells which may be 

 mistaken for liver cells. Ponfick described cinnabar-holding cells in the 

 interlobular connective tissue, and in the fine connective-tissue sheath of 

 the intralobular capillaries in what he considered an extravascular situation. 



Platen (48) also described cells in the liver lobules which take up fat from 

 the blood, and may be filled with fat droplets. 



In 1876, Kupffer (37) described "Sternzellen," or star-shaped cells, in the 

 liver ; these cells are now known as Kupffer's cells. Kupffer stained sections 

 of liver with gold chloride, and found that certain cells take up the 

 stain, and show as deep black bodies on a red field. He described them 

 as pointed protoplasmic bodies, varying in size, but always much smaller 



