﻿48 
  Mr. 
  0. 
  Rosenheim. 
  A 
  Preliminary 
  Study 
  of 
  the 
  Energy 
  

  

  Smith* 
  60 
  years 
  ago. 
  An 
  excellent 
  face 
  mask 
  which 
  covers 
  the 
  nose 
  and 
  the 
  

   mouth, 
  leaving 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  face 
  exposed, 
  is 
  made 
  by 
  Messrs. 
  Siebe, 
  

   Gorman 
  and 
  Co., 
  Ltd., 
  for 
  a 
  different 
  purpose. 
  

  

  Firemen's 
  Smoke 
  Mask. 
  — 
  By 
  simply 
  reversing 
  the 
  valves 
  of 
  this 
  apparatus 
  

   it 
  can 
  be 
  at 
  once 
  adapted 
  for 
  the 
  present 
  purpose, 
  the 
  connecting 
  rubber 
  

   tubing 
  passing 
  downwards 
  and 
  resting 
  on 
  the 
  shoulder 
  without 
  interfering 
  

   with 
  the 
  freedom 
  of 
  movement 
  of 
  the 
  subject. 
  It 
  was 
  found 
  advisable 
  to 
  

   drill 
  an 
  additional 
  series 
  of 
  holes 
  into 
  the 
  metal 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  valves, 
  thus 
  

   ensuring 
  a 
  perfectly 
  free 
  passage 
  of 
  inspired 
  and 
  expired 
  air. 
  The 
  mask 
  can 
  

   be 
  easily 
  adapted 
  to 
  any 
  shape 
  of 
  face, 
  owing 
  to 
  the 
  flexibility 
  of 
  the 
  inflated 
  

   rubber 
  cushion 
  which 
  enables 
  an 
  air-tight 
  fit 
  to 
  be 
  made. 
  There 
  is 
  no 
  doubt 
  

   a 
  serious 
  difficulty, 
  when 
  using 
  a 
  mask, 
  in 
  obtaining 
  an 
  air-tight 
  fit 
  in 
  men 
  

   with 
  hairy 
  or 
  sunken 
  cheeks, 
  but 
  as 
  all 
  the 
  subjects 
  of 
  this 
  investigation 
  

   were 
  young 
  women 
  with 
  smooth 
  and 
  well 
  filled 
  out 
  faces, 
  this 
  difficulty 
  was 
  

   not 
  met 
  with. 
  The 
  wearing 
  of 
  the 
  mask 
  does 
  not 
  interfere 
  to 
  any 
  extent 
  

   with 
  the 
  natural 
  rhythm 
  of 
  breathing, 
  as 
  does 
  the 
  mouthpiece 
  and 
  nose- 
  

   clip. 
  Whereas, 
  with 
  the 
  latter, 
  persuasion 
  was 
  necessary 
  to 
  induce 
  the 
  sub^ 
  

   jects 
  to 
  carry 
  out 
  the 
  experiments, 
  no 
  objections 
  were 
  raised 
  against 
  the 
  

   face 
  mask 
  — 
  an 
  important 
  consideration 
  in 
  an 
  investigation 
  in 
  which 
  a 
  

   satisfactory 
  result 
  largely 
  depends 
  on 
  the 
  good 
  will 
  of 
  the 
  subject. 
  Approxi- 
  

   mately 
  three-quarters 
  of 
  the 
  experiments 
  were 
  carried 
  out 
  with 
  the 
  help 
  of 
  

   the 
  face 
  mask, 
  but 
  since 
  some 
  comparative 
  experiments 
  made 
  on 
  myself 
  

   (see 
  Table 
  III, 
  Appendix), 
  and 
  on 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  subjects 
  gave 
  identical 
  results, 
  it 
  

   was 
  thought 
  unnecessary 
  to 
  distinguish 
  between 
  them 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  

   Tables. 
  

  

  3. 
  Subjects. 
  

  

  Six 
  young 
  women 
  volunteered 
  as 
  subjects 
  for 
  this 
  investigation. 
  One 
  of 
  

   them, 
  Subject 
  F, 
  finding 
  manual 
  work 
  too 
  strenuous, 
  returned 
  to 
  her 
  previous 
  

   occupation 
  (nursing) 
  before 
  the 
  completion 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  series 
  of 
  observations. 
  

   Their 
  ages 
  were 
  from 
  18-29 
  years 
  and 
  the 
  character 
  of 
  their 
  previous 
  

   occupation, 
  which 
  is 
  to 
  some 
  extent 
  reflected 
  in 
  their 
  calorie 
  expenditure 
  

   during 
  work 
  (see 
  later) 
  had 
  been 
  different 
  in 
  each 
  case. 
  Only 
  one 
  of 
  them 
  

   (Subject 
  A) 
  had 
  18 
  months' 
  previous 
  experience 
  of 
  munition 
  work 
  of 
  a 
  

   different 
  type, 
  a 
  fact 
  which 
  partly 
  explains 
  her 
  small 
  energy 
  expenditure 
  

  

  * 
  'Phil. 
  Trans.,' 
  vol. 
  149, 
  p. 
  681 
  (1859). 
  The 
  remarkable 
  work 
  of 
  this 
  investigator 
  

   has 
  received 
  a 
  good 
  deal 
  of 
  unjust 
  criticism 
  at 
  the 
  hands 
  of 
  later 
  German 
  workers, 
  whilst 
  

   many 
  of 
  his 
  original 
  observations 
  have 
  been 
  passed 
  over 
  or 
  were 
  rediscovered 
  (such 
  as 
  

   the 
  importance 
  of 
  determining 
  the 
  standard 
  (basal) 
  metabolism 
  in 
  the 
  post-absorptive 
  

   condition, 
  the 
  stimulating 
  influence 
  of 
  proteins 
  on 
  the 
  gaseous 
  metabolism, 
  its 
  increase 
  

   during 
  walking, 
  and 
  on 
  the 
  treadwheel, 
  etc.). 
  

  

  