﻿66 
  Messrs. 
  M. 
  Greenwood, 
  C. 
  Hodson, 
  and 
  A. 
  E. 
  Tebb. 
  

  

  also 
  throws 
  coal 
  dust 
  upon 
  the 
  hot 
  billet 
  and 
  trundles 
  the 
  hot 
  forging 
  away 
  

   after 
  it 
  is 
  tipped 
  off 
  the 
  press 
  on 
  to 
  the 
  floor. 
  

  

  Under 
  the 
  present 
  conditions 
  of 
  slack 
  work 
  there 
  are 
  many 
  intervals 
  

   between 
  sets 
  of 
  forgings 
  ; 
  usually 
  six 
  to 
  nine 
  billets 
  are 
  drawn 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  forge 
  

   in 
  series 
  and 
  then 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  pause. 
  Forty 
  billets 
  in 
  the 
  hoixr 
  is 
  an 
  average 
  

   piece 
  rate 
  ; 
  in 
  one 
  of 
  our 
  early 
  experiments 
  seven 
  forgings 
  were 
  turned 
  out 
  

   in 
  5 
  minutes 
  12 
  seconds. 
  These 
  billets 
  weigh 
  about 
  150 
  lb. 
  apiece. 
  

  

  Lathe 
  Work. 
  — 
  In 
  classifying 
  our 
  experimental 
  results 
  we 
  have 
  grouped 
  

   lathe 
  workers 
  as 
  on 
  " 
  heavy 
  turning," 
  on 
  " 
  turning 
  " 
  without 
  a 
  qualifying 
  

   word, 
  or 
  on 
  " 
  light 
  turning." 
  This 
  classification 
  does 
  not 
  correspond 
  exactly 
  

   with 
  an 
  ordinary 
  factory 
  nomenclature. 
  In 
  our 
  analysis 
  " 
  heavy 
  " 
  denotes 
  

   shell 
  turnings 
  only, 
  and 
  applies 
  to 
  the 
  first 
  rough 
  turning 
  when 
  the 
  shell 
  

   head 
  has 
  not 
  yet 
  been 
  shaped, 
  and 
  a 
  clutch 
  adjustment 
  is 
  required 
  for 
  fixing 
  

   the 
  object, 
  so 
  that 
  both 
  fixing 
  and 
  removing 
  are 
  laborious. 
  Turning 
  includes 
  

   both 
  base-facing 
  (where 
  a 
  clutch 
  is 
  used), 
  and 
  those 
  later 
  processes 
  on 
  the 
  

   shell 
  where 
  fixing 
  is 
  done 
  merely 
  by 
  screwing. 
  Light, 
  turning 
  only 
  includes 
  

   the 
  turning 
  of 
  gas 
  containers 
  : 
  (a) 
  the 
  rough 
  turning 
  on 
  first 
  process 
  ; 
  (b) 
  the 
  

   boring 
  done 
  on 
  a 
  small 
  capstan 
  lathe 
  ; 
  (c) 
  the 
  finishing 
  operation. 
  Of 
  these 
  

   three 
  operations 
  the 
  first 
  involves 
  very 
  little 
  work, 
  the 
  lathe, 
  once 
  set, 
  runs 
  

   for 
  some 
  time 
  and 
  little 
  measurement 
  is 
  necessary 
  ; 
  in 
  boring, 
  the 
  full 
  

   weight 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  is 
  sometimes 
  brought 
  to 
  bear 
  upon 
  the 
  wheel 
  to 
  drive 
  the 
  

   tool 
  home 
  in 
  the 
  internal 
  finishing 
  ; 
  the 
  final 
  processes 
  are 
  very 
  exact, 
  the 
  

   lathe 
  tools 
  being 
  often 
  changed, 
  while 
  gauging 
  is 
  repeated 
  at 
  very 
  frequent 
  

   intervals, 
  and 
  the 
  task 
  is 
  described 
  as 
  " 
  worrying 
  " 
  work. 
  

  

  In 
  these 
  lathe 
  operations 
  the 
  temperamental 
  factor 
  is 
  probably 
  more 
  

   important 
  than 
  in 
  any 
  others. 
  While 
  the 
  body 
  of 
  the 
  shell 
  or 
  of 
  the 
  gas 
  

   container 
  is 
  being 
  machined, 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  period 
  of 
  "standing 
  to" 
  (longest 
  

   in 
  heavy 
  turning 
  and 
  correspondingly 
  reduced 
  when 
  smaller 
  units 
  are 
  in 
  

   question). 
  A 
  quick 
  and 
  eager 
  worker 
  will 
  fill 
  up 
  all 
  this 
  interval 
  with 
  small 
  

   movements, 
  e.g., 
  gauging, 
  cleaning 
  portions 
  of 
  her 
  machine, 
  sweeping 
  off 
  

   swarf, 
  preparing 
  for 
  the 
  next 
  job, 
  and 
  so 
  forth. 
  A 
  phlegmatic 
  worker 
  may 
  

   sit 
  quietly 
  waiting. 
  This 
  fact 
  emphasises 
  the 
  contention 
  made 
  later 
  on 
  

   that 
  very 
  long 
  series 
  of 
  observations 
  are 
  needed 
  to 
  reach 
  a 
  correct 
  average 
  

   value. 
  

  

  Banding. 
  — 
  (Band 
  Turning). 
  Is 
  very 
  accurate 
  work, 
  each 
  stage 
  of 
  the 
  

   operation 
  lasts 
  barely 
  three 
  seconds, 
  the 
  whole 
  but 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  minutes 
  while 
  

   gauging 
  is 
  constant 
  and 
  exacting. 
  The 
  shell 
  is 
  held 
  on 
  the 
  lathe 
  by 
  a 
  false 
  

   bottom, 
  the 
  end 
  plate, 
  which 
  has 
  to 
  be 
  hammered 
  on 
  before 
  the 
  turning 
  is 
  

   done 
  and 
  hammered 
  off 
  afterwards. 
  There 
  is 
  no 
  waiting 
  in 
  this 
  work. 
  

  

  Cleaning 
  and 
  Drying. 
  — 
  The 
  shell 
  case 
  is 
  rolled 
  to 
  and 
  fro 
  upon 
  a 
  bench, 
  

  

  