﻿Work 
  Measured 
  by 
  the 
  Discharge 
  of 
  Carbon 
  Dioxide. 
  179 
  

  

  due 
  to 
  one 
  or 
  other 
  of 
  two 
  alternatives, 
  viz., 
  increasing 
  labour 
  or 
  decreasing 
  

   efficiency. 
  

  

  In 
  view 
  of 
  its 
  gradual 
  progression 
  from 
  hour 
  to 
  hour, 
  it 
  cannot 
  be 
  attributed 
  

   to 
  a 
  discharge 
  of 
  accumulated 
  C0 
  2 
  , 
  but 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  regarded 
  as 
  a 
  true 
  expression 
  

   of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  internal 
  production 
  of 
  CO2 
  progressively 
  increases. 
  

   A 
  progressively 
  increasing 
  discharge 
  of 
  CO2 
  for 
  such 
  long 
  pei'iods, 
  otherwise 
  

   than 
  in 
  consequence 
  of 
  its 
  increased 
  production, 
  is 
  inconceivable, 
  whereas 
  it 
  

   is 
  quite 
  reasonable 
  to 
  imagine 
  that 
  the 
  animal 
  machine 
  at 
  constant 
  work 
  loses 
  

   efficiency 
  with 
  lapse 
  of 
  time, 
  i.e., 
  does 
  its 
  work 
  at 
  an 
  increasing 
  cost, 
  as 
  

   expressed 
  by 
  its 
  discharge 
  of 
  CO2. 
  Unless, 
  of 
  course, 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  due 
  to 
  

   increasing 
  work. 
  

  

  Between 
  the 
  two 
  possible 
  causes, 
  (1) 
  increase 
  of 
  work, 
  (2) 
  decrease 
  of 
  

   efficiency 
  by 
  fatigue, 
  I 
  am 
  inclined 
  towards 
  the 
  second 
  as 
  the 
  more 
  probable. 
  

   The 
  root 
  fact 
  in 
  fatigue 
  is 
  a 
  consumption 
  of 
  material, 
  presumably 
  of 
  carbo- 
  

   hydrate 
  in 
  first 
  instance, 
  also 
  of 
  fat 
  and 
  of 
  protein 
  ; 
  subjective 
  fatigue 
  is 
  felt 
  

   when 
  a 
  certain 
  degree 
  of 
  waste 
  has 
  been 
  incurred. 
  Objective 
  fatigue 
  

   commences 
  long 
  before 
  its 
  subjective 
  aspect 
  is 
  experienced 
  ; 
  it 
  begins, 
  indeed, 
  

   with 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  work, 
  with 
  increased 
  metabolism, 
  of 
  which 
  increased 
  

   discharge 
  of 
  CO2 
  is 
  the 
  indicator 
  and 
  measure, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  progress 
  of 
  the 
  

   expenditure 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  line 
  of 
  demarcation 
  to 
  be 
  drawn 
  between 
  a 
  state 
  of 
  

   freshness 
  and 
  a 
  state 
  of 
  fatigue 
  ; 
  these 
  terms 
  are 
  statements 
  of 
  the 
  subjective 
  

   states 
  associated 
  with 
  the 
  filled 
  and 
  unfilled 
  reservoir 
  of 
  fuel. 
  Moreover, 
  the 
  

   progressive 
  increase 
  takes 
  place 
  with 
  piece-work 
  under 
  conditions 
  where 
  the 
  

   work 
  is 
  of 
  steady 
  value. 
  

  

  For 
  reasons 
  that 
  will 
  be 
  more 
  fully 
  developed, 
  I 
  hope, 
  in 
  a 
  future 
  report, 
  I 
  

   regard 
  the 
  slowly 
  increasing 
  ordinate 
  during 
  presumably 
  constant 
  work 
  as 
  a 
  

   sign 
  of 
  the 
  increasing 
  cost 
  of 
  such 
  work, 
  i.e., 
  of 
  the 
  decreasing 
  efficiency 
  of 
  

   the 
  worker. 
  

  

  The 
  hourly 
  rise 
  of 
  C0 
  2 
  during 
  a 
  continuous 
  spell 
  of 
  work 
  has 
  been 
  in 
  my 
  

   experience 
  a 
  rule 
  without 
  exception 
  under 
  all 
  conditions 
  of 
  work 
  so 
  far 
  

   examined, 
  and 
  if 
  peradventure 
  a 
  worker 
  shows 
  a 
  fall 
  in 
  the 
  ordinate 
  one 
  

   may 
  be 
  certain 
  that 
  a 
  temporary 
  remission 
  of 
  work 
  has 
  occurred 
  just 
  before 
  

   observation. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  present 
  examples 
  the 
  hourly 
  rise 
  has 
  been 
  particularly 
  well 
  marked 
  

   with 
  piece-work, 
  as 
  shown 
  in 
  diagram, 
  where 
  the 
  starred 
  hours 
  have 
  been 
  piece- 
  

   work 
  and 
  the 
  unstarred 
  hours 
  time-work. 
  It 
  is 
  still 
  more 
  marked, 
  though 
  

   with 
  less 
  apparent 
  regularity, 
  in 
  cold 
  storage 
  labour, 
  which 
  is 
  less 
  regular, 
  but 
  

   while 
  it 
  lasts, 
  more 
  exacting. 
  

  

  The 
  cold 
  storage 
  workman, 
  on 
  duty 
  from 
  1 
  a.m. 
  to 
  7 
  p.m., 
  is 
  " 
  standing 
  bv 
  " 
  

   through 
  the 
  night 
  hours 
  upon 
  an 
  hourly 
  time 
  wage 
  that 
  we 
  may 
  call 
  basal. 
  

  

  