﻿184 
  Dr. 
  A. 
  D. 
  Waller. 
  The 
  Physiological 
  Cost 
  of 
  Muscular 
  

  

  per 
  square 
  metre 
  per 
  hour 
  the 
  averages 
  of 
  the 
  principal 
  data 
  given 
  on 
  

   pp. 
  56 
  and 
  57 
  of 
  his 
  report, 
  as 
  follows 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  

  Increase 
  of 
  standard. 
  

  

  ■ 
  Kalories 
  per 
  square 
  metre 
  

   per 
  hour. 
  

  

  Hard 
  work 
  

  

  Walking 
  (2 
  "7 
  to 
  3 
  -1 
  m.p.h.) 
  

  

  37 
  -4 
  x 
  0*708 
  

   37 
  -4 
  x 
  1 
  -090 
  

   37 
  -4 
  x 
  1 
  -814 
  

   37 
  -4 
  x 
  2 
  -740 
  

  

  26 
  -48 
  

   40-74 
  

   67-84 
  

   102 
  -50 
  

  

  These 
  are 
  relatively 
  low 
  values 
  of 
  energy 
  output, 
  which 
  is 
  stated 
  as 
  having 
  

   been 
  much 
  lower 
  for 
  " 
  hard 
  work 
  " 
  than 
  for 
  walking 
  at 
  about 
  three 
  miles 
  

   per 
  hour. 
  

  

  Greenwood 
  and 
  his 
  collaborators 
  conclude 
  their 
  report 
  by 
  the 
  following 
  

   estimate, 
  but 
  the 
  conditions 
  of 
  observation 
  described 
  in 
  the 
  text 
  do 
  not 
  appear 
  

   to 
  have 
  afforded 
  any 
  opportunity 
  of 
  securing 
  normal 
  work 
  data.* 
  According 
  

   to 
  the 
  weight 
  of 
  work, 
  the 
  subjects 
  of 
  observation 
  are 
  arranged 
  in 
  four 
  

   groups 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  Calories 
  per 
  sq. 
  metre 
  

   per 
  hour. 
  

  

  Group 
  1 
  needing 
  approximately 
  100 
  

  

  „ 
  II 
  „ 
  „ 
  125 
  

  

  „ 
  HI 
  „ 
  ,-, 
  160 
  

  

  „ 
  IV 
  „ 
  „ 
  180 
  

  

  These 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  gross 
  values, 
  inclusive 
  of 
  the 
  values 
  of 
  basal 
  metabolism. 
  

   As 
  stated 
  in 
  the 
  report, 
  the 
  work 
  was 
  remarkably 
  slack. 
  Nevertheless 
  from 
  

   them 
  the 
  four 
  corresponding 
  work 
  quotas 
  for 
  a 
  seven-hour 
  day 
  : 
  1120, 
  1400, 
  

   1782, 
  2016 
  calories, 
  which, 
  augmented 
  by 
  1410 
  for 
  travelling 
  and 
  household 
  

   work, 
  with 
  a 
  10 
  per 
  cent, 
  allowance 
  for 
  digestion, 
  give 
  as 
  the 
  final 
  figures 
  for 
  

   the 
  requirements 
  of 
  " 
  strenuously 
  employed 
  industrial 
  women 
  " 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  2810, 
  3120, 
  3555, 
  3805 
  calories. 
  

  

  These 
  are 
  surprising 
  figures 
  in 
  view 
  of 
  the 
  slackness 
  of 
  work 
  that 
  prevailed 
  

   during 
  Greenwood's 
  observations. 
  According 
  to 
  his 
  conclusion, 
  a 
  " 
  strenuously 
  

  

  * 
  Greenwood, 
  Hodson, 
  and 
  Tebb, 
  "Eeport 
  on 
  the 
  Metabolism 
  of 
  Female 
  Munition 
  

   Workers," 
  ' 
  Eoy. 
  Soc. 
  Proc.,' 
  B, 
  vol. 
  91, 
  p. 
  62 
  (1919). 
  It 
  is 
  stated 
  in 
  the 
  Eeport 
  that 
  the 
  

   experiments 
  were 
  carried 
  out 
  during 
  November, 
  December, 
  January, 
  February, 
  and 
  

   March, 
  1918-19, 
  in 
  a 
  factory, 
  manufacturing 
  6-inch 
  shell 
  cases, 
  and 
  that 
  in 
  consequence 
  

   of 
  the 
  relaxation 
  of 
  effort 
  caused 
  by 
  the 
  Armistice, 
  the 
  individual 
  output 
  was 
  reduced 
  

   by 
  at 
  least 
  50 
  per 
  cent 
  

  

  " 
  The 
  value 
  of 
  observations 
  in 
  this 
  department 
  (Tool 
  Setting) 
  is 
  reduced 
  by 
  the 
  

   notorious 
  idleness 
  of 
  the 
  operatives 
  after 
  November 
  11th. 
  Often 
  the 
  work 
  under 
  

   experimental 
  study 
  was 
  all 
  the 
  work 
  done 
  in 
  the 
  hour." 
  (p. 
  67.) 
  

  

  