54 Miss M. Wheldale. Colours and Pigments of [Oct. 31, 



pigments as are soluble in alcohol (chiefly xanthin). After evaporation to 

 dryness on a water-bath, the xanthin is separated by ether from the xanthe'ic 

 and anthocyanic pigments. The chloroform extract contains both xanthin 

 and carotin ; the latter can be washed free from xanthin by means of alcohol. 



Details for Genera of Various Natural Orders. 



The following particulars chiefly concern yellows, the reds having been 

 de'alt with in detail previously. 



Aizoaccce. 



Mesembryantlbemum pomeridianum has a xanthe'ic pigment, unaffected by 

 acids and alkalis and precipitated by basic lead acetate. 



Amaryllidacece. 



Alstrcemeria aurantiaca has plastids containing carotin and xanthin ; 

 anthocyanin is present in addition. 



Ca ryophyllaccoB. 



Dianthus Caryophyllus, the parent form of the Carnation, shows the 

 anthocyanic-xantheic series. The yellow pigment is intensified to orange 

 yellow by acids and alkalis. Magentas and crimsons are probably produced 

 by the addition of red sap to ivory and yellow respectively. Ivory gives the 

 yellow colour-reaction with acids and alkalis, but whether it is dominant to 

 yellow, and whether an albino, recessive to yellow, exists has not yet been 

 ascertained. 



GistaceK: 



Varieties of Helianthemum vulgar e show the anthocyanin-xanthin series 

 and pale yellows, which are derivative plastid pigments, probably from 

 xanthin. The type is crimson, i.e. anthocyanin on xanthin, and the magenta 

 and pink types are due to the same sap-colour on the pale yellow derivative 

 forms. 



Composites. 



Calendula officinalis exists in two varieties, orange and lemon yellow ; in the 

 former the colour is due to plastids containing carotin and xanthin, in the 

 latter xanthin only. There is apparently no anthocyanic form. 



Chrysanthemum carinatum shows the anthocyanic-xantheic-xanthin series 

 with pale yellows containing derivative products of xanthin, and whites 

 giving the yellow colour-reaction with acids and alkalis, and containing 

 colourless plastids. Anthocyanin on whites, pale yellows, and deep yellows 

 gives the usual magentas and crimsons. In the yellows, from which antho- 



