The Production of Anthocyanins and Anthoeyanidins. 253 



anthocyan pigments were accompanied by yellow sap-pigments.* During 

 the preliminary work on the cornflower pigment a yellow sap-pigment was 

 isolated in small quantities by the author, though the product was not 

 investigated, nor was the fact recorded in the published results,f whilst 

 Wheldale has stated that in various varieties of Antirrhinum, anthocyans 

 are present together with flavones, but in none of these cases have both 

 anthocyan and flavone, or flavonol, from any one flower been isolated and 

 identified.;!: 



Shortly after publication of his conclusions concerning the formation of 

 anthoayans from yellow sap-pigments, the author began preliminary work 

 with a view to ascertaining, in a systematic way, the identity of both 

 anthocyan and yellow sap-pigment present in various flowers, by isolating 

 both of these from the same batch of petals, and for this purpose, in the first 

 instance, a series of self-coloured Violas was chosen. 



Apart from the fact that the presence of yellow sap-pigments in flowers 

 which contain anthocyans has been thus observed, *there is but little 

 evidence yet available as to the actual structure of both flavone (or flavonol) 

 and anthocyan pigments present in any one flower. 



It would appear that the case in which the published data concerning 

 these two types of pigment most nearly approach that desired is that of 

 Delphinium consolida, L. A. G. Perkin and \Vilkinson,§ following up the 

 observations of A. G. Perkin and Pilgrim,|i isolated kaempferol 



o 



HO— /'V^ ^C— / ^— OH 



ii ^ ^ 



IJ^/C-OH 



I c 

 HO II 

 



(they failed to isolate the glucoside, in which form the colour was originally 

 present in the flowers) from the blue flowers of this plant, both when they used 

 the flowers, as also when they made use of an extract purchased from Merck, 

 of Darmstadt. Willstatter and Mieg,ir who examined the anthocyan pigment 

 present in Delphinium consolida, L., using the commercial purple " Flores 



* Cf. Hope, ' Journ. Prakt. Chem.,' 1837 (10), p. 269 ; Fremy and Cloez, ' Journ. de 

 Chim. et de Phys.' [3], vol. 25, p. 249 ; Filhol, 'Compt. Rend.,' vol. 39, p. 194 ; '.Joura. 

 Prakt. Chem.,' vol. 63, p. 78 (1854) ; Martens, ' Jahrber.,' 1855, p. 657. 



+ Willstatter and Everest, ' Annalen,' vol. 401, p. 189 (1913). 



X Cf. further Willstatter and Mallison, ' Annalen,' vol. 408, p. 157 (1915). 



§ ' Journ. Chem. Soc.,' 1902, p. 585. 

 'Journ. Chem. Soc.,' 1898, p. 267. 



IT 'Annalen,' vol. 408, p. 61 (1915). 



