No. 614] THE USES OF INSECT GALLS 



171 



most durable yellow with them, and they were also used 

 by the chintz painters for their yellows. When mixed 

 with ferruginous mud a strong black dye was obtained. 



The astringent properties of these galls were evidently 

 stronger than those of the fruit of the tree, as an ink made 

 from the galls resisted the weather longer than that 

 made from the fruit. 



Eoxburgh did not identify these galls, but suggested 

 that they might be the "Faba bengalensis" of the old 

 Materia Medica writers. The "Faba bengalensis" ac- 

 cording to Bosc is the fruit of the Myrobolan citrin altered 

 in its form by the puncture of an insect, but no dyeing 

 properties are ascribed to it. As no further reference 

 to these galls has been found they are still undetermined. 



Summary 



The important uses of galls have been in medicine, the 

 manufacture of ink, tanning and dyeing, with a few ref- 

 erences to their use as food, and one to their use as fuel. 



In medicine the following galls have been used: An- 

 dricus foecundatrix Hartig, Cynips sp. Cuvier on field 

 cirsium, Cynips galhc-tiurtoria Olivier, ('//nips polycera 

 Grraud, Cynips querrus-folii Linnaeus {Cynips quercus- 

 tenninalis) = Biorhiza pallida Olivier, Cynips quercus- 

 tozce Bosc, Pemphigus comicularis, Pemphigus pallid us, 

 Rhodites rosa Linnaeus, SchlechtendaUa chinensis (Bell) 

 and the undetermined ones : Chinese oak gall, Istrian gall, 

 Marmora gall, galle eorniculee, and Bazgendge (Fockeu) 

 or Chersamel on Tamarix. 



In the manufacture of ink the galls used are: Cynips 

 gallcB-tinctonce Olivier, Cynips kollari Hartig, Schlechten- 

 daUa chinensis (Bell), the Aldacay or Caducay galls, the 

 Istrian, Marmora, Morea and Smyrna galls and others 

 from France, Italy, Hungary, Senegal and Barbary. 



For tanning the following have been found useful: 

 Cynips gallce-tinctoria Olivier, Cynips hungarica Hartig, 

 Cynips vnsana Westwood, Cynips kollari Hartig, Cynips 



