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THE AMERICAN NATURALIST [Vol. XLV 



siderable part of Europe: but at the end of the Miocene 

 this form became extinct and with it the last of the chim- 

 panzee line in Europe, the next representative being 

 Anthropithecus, the true chimpanzees, found in the Pli- 

 ocene of India. This first chimpanzee makes a slightly 

 closer approximation to man than the living species. 

 During the Pleistocene the wave of immigration into 

 Africa included A nth n> pit Itecus, which has survived only 

 on that continent. In 1896 Dubois found in Java in beds 

 now generally called early Pleistocene, the top of a skull, 

 a femur, and a few fragments of a transitional form 

 which is in many ways like the apes and in others like 

 man. This he called Pithecanthropus erectus, and it 

 stands as either a very high grade ape or as a low grade 

 man, the latter being the usual designation. If not the 

 actual ancestor of man, it is at least a typical stage in his 

 development. 



From the distribution of Anthropithecus and Pithecan- 

 thropus it seems certain that man originated in southern 

 Asia, at least by the beginning of the Pleistocene: and 

 that he radiated from there westward across Europe 

 where such remains as the Heidelberg jaw, and those of 

 the Neanderthal type have been found so widely. He 

 probably also migrated easterly into North America, and 

 thence south with the Pleistocene fauna into South Amer- 

 ica where very primitive remains have recently been de- 

 scribed by Ameghino as Diprothomo platensis, and Homo 

 pampensis. Eemains have been strangely scarce in 

 North America, though the fauna, with which early man 

 usually associated is present in various parts of the 

 continent. 



