No. 537] ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF TUP PAST 7XDIES 551 



fauna of Hindustan. Here he found, for instance, re- 

 mains of Hippopotamus, Stegodon, a species of antelope. 

 Hyaena, Gavialis, etc. 



Taking the present condition alone into account, Su- 

 matra and Borneo more than the others have a fauna that 

 is almost identical with the fauna of the Malay Peninsula. 

 Java shows a greater difference; whereupon one may 

 draw the conclusion that it broke off earlier than the other 

 islands from the mainland, since between Java and Su- 

 matra there was more migration than between Java and 

 Borneo, so that it was separated earlier from the last 

 mentioned island than from Sumatra. The Javan Sea, 

 as the Sarasins have determined from a study of the land 

 snails, is of very ancient date. 



On the other hand, Java has some mammals, Uhnmccm, 

 sundaicus, Trajulus Stanley anus, Viverricula malaccensis, 

 Helictus orientalis, in common with the mainland, which 



or Borneo. So far, for this state of affairs absolutely no 



We might also sav of P.orneo that it has received a small 

 portion of its fauna evidently by way of Palawan and the 

 Sulu Archipelago from the Philippines, and so directly 

 from south China, and indeed from the Himalayan region 

 itself. 



Celebes has always been the great bone of contention 

 from a zoogeographic point of view. We have already 

 seen that Sal. Miiller and originally Wallace considered it 

 as belonging to the Australian half of the archipelago. 

 Now, especially through the labors of Max Weber and the 

 Sarasins, it has been made evident that its fauna is essen- 

 tially Indian, even though it may be mixed with a few 

 Australian types. 



But even so, the fauna of Celebes is as yet only partly 

 elucidated. We find here an astonishing number of pecul- 

 iar typos which no one has been able to find upon the 

 other larger islands of the archipelago ; and so there must 

 always be a question as to the origin of its fauna. 



The first peculiarity is the occurrence of a number of 



