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THE AMERICAN NATURALIST [Vol. XLV 



animals which find their nearest relatives not in the 

 further Indian Archipelago, nor yet even upon the conti- 

 nent of Asia, but in Africa itself. Taking the number of 

 these species of animals together, we must conclude that 

 they are of very ancient origin indeed. Among the birds 

 which must be grouped in this way are such species as 

 Coracias temmincki and Cittura, the most primitive king- 

 fisher; among the mammals two species of monkey, 

 namely Macaciis mounts, and its next of kin, M . arctoides, 

 which belongs in Hindustan, and ([i/uopithccus niger, most 

 closely related to the African baboons; 8 in addition, the 

 strange Babinisa, a pig that is more like the African wart- 

 hogs than any other variety of swine. The dwarf-buffalo, 

 or Anoa (Bos depressicornis) may also be considered as 

 a relic-species, of which its only near living relative, Bos 

 mindorensis, inhabits the Philippines. 



The explanation of this relic-fanna the Sarasins take to 

 be an old invasion evidently spread out from Java, which 

 most likely happened in the Miocene period. It can not 

 have taken place earlier, since the same investigators were 

 astonished at the geologic evidences that Celebes in 

 Eocene times was wholly covered by the sea. The more 

 recent fauna (that which shows itself among mammals in 

 the abundance of species of squirrels) arrived later, and in 

 all probability entered Celebes along the same land con- 

 nection. This explanation is not entirely satisfying, since 

 it does not make evident why these animals that we have 

 mentioned exist on Celebes, but have died out everywhere 

 else. On the other hand, that such things really can occur 

 is proved by the abundance of the finds of fossil remains 

 of animals in places where they no longer exist. The 

 epoch-making discoveries of Dubois are of weighty import 



A further peculiarity of the fauna of Celebes is its 

 great difference from that of Borneo. The Sarasins 



