74 HISTORICAL PALEONTOLOGY. 



these are placed in direct communication with one another, 

 and the actual substance of the shell is often traversed by 

 minute canals filled with living matter (e.g., in Calcarina and 

 Nummulina). The shell, therefore, may be regarded, in such 

 cases, as a more or less completely porous calcareous structure, 

 filled to its minutest, internal recesses with the substance of 

 the living animals, and covered externally with a layer of the 

 same substance, giving off a network of interlacing filaments. 



Such, in brief, is the structure of the living Foraminifera; 

 and it is believed that in Eozo'on we have an extinct example 

 of the same group, not only of special interest from its imme- 

 morial antiquity, but hardly less striking from its gigantic 

 dimensions. In its original condition, the entire chamber- 

 system of Eozoon is believed to have been filled with soft 

 structureless living matter, which passed from chamber to 

 chamber through the wide apertures connecting these cavities, 

 and from tier to tier by means of the tubuli in the shell-wall and 

 the branching canals in the intermediate skeleton. Through 

 the perforated shell-wall covering the outer surface the soft 

 body-substance flowed out, forming a gelatinous investment, 

 from every point of which radiated an interlacing net of deli- 

 cate filaments, providing nourishment for the entire colony. 

 In its present state, as before said, all the cavities originally 

 occupied by the body-substance have been filled with some 

 mineral substance, generally with one of the silicates of mag- 

 nesia; and it has been asserted that this fact militates strongly 

 against the organic nature of Eozoon, if not absolutely dis- 

 proving it. As a matter of fact, however as previously no- 

 ticed it is by no means very uncommon at the present day 

 to find the shells of living species of Foraminifera in which 

 all the cavities primitively occupied by the body-substance, 

 down to the minutest pores and canals, have been similarly 

 injected by some analogous silicate, such as glauconite. 



Those, then, whose opinions on such a subject deservedly 

 carry the greatest weight, are decisively of opinion that we are 

 presented in the Eozoon of the Laurentian Rocks of Canada 

 with an ancient, colossal, and in some respects abnormal type 

 of the Foraminifera. In the words of Dr. Carpenter, it is not 

 pretended that " the doctrine of the Foraminiferal nature of 

 Eosoon can be proved in the demonstrative sense;" but it 

 may be affirmed " that the convergence of a number of separate 

 and independent probabilities, all accordant with that hypothesis, 

 while a separate explanation must be invented for each of 



