FAUNA OF THE POST-PLIOCENE. 3% 



posits in France, Germany, Britain, Russia in Europe, Asia, 

 and North America, being often associated with the Reindeer, 

 Lemming, and Musk-Ox. That it survived into the earlier 

 portion of the human period is unquestionable, its remains 

 having been found in a great number of instances associated 

 with implements of human manufacture; whilst in one instance 

 a recognizable portrait of it has been discovered, carved on 

 bone. 



Amongst other Elephants which occur in Post-Pliocene de- 

 posits may be mentioned, as of special interest, the pigmy 

 Elephants of Malta. One of these the Elephas Melitensis, or 

 so-called " Donkey-Elephant " was not more than four and 

 a half feet in height. The other the Elephas Falconeri, of 

 Busk was still smaller, its average height at the withers not" 

 exceeding two and a half to three feet. 



Whilst herbivorous animals abounded during the Post- 

 Pliocene, we have ample evidence of the coexistence with 

 them of a number of Carnivorous forms, both in the New and 

 the Old World. The Bears are represented in Europe by at 

 least three species, two of which namely, the great Grizzly 

 Bear (Ursus jerox} and the smaller Brown Bear (Ursus arctos} 

 are in existence at the present day. The third species is the 

 celebrated Cave-bear (Ursus spelaus, fig. 268), which is now 



Fig. 268. Skull of Unua spelceus. Post-Pliocene, Europe. One-sixth 

 of the natural size. 



extinct. The Cave-bear exceeded in its dimensions the largest 

 of modern Bears; and its remains, as its name implies, have 

 been found mainly in cavern-deposits. Enormous numbers of 



