1881.] Pity siology of Sugar in the Animal System. 431 



moderate limits of time at the ordinary boiling temperature of 

 water. 



When referring to the Bernardin (glycogen) discoverable in the 

 blood, I stated that I was not prepared to assert that the principle 

 existing in the blood is absolutely identical with that belonging to the 

 liver. There is a point of difference which I have noticed in relation 

 to the effect of extraction with water at 300° F. ; but whether this is 

 due to a difference in the properties of the principle itself, or whether 

 to the manner in which it is held by other matter, I am not yet in a 

 position to decide. The Bernardin of the liver, as I have shown, is 

 readily extracted with water at 300° F., whilst according to the ex- 

 periments I have conducted, that of the blood is not similarly sus- 

 ceptible of removal. 



I have not yet said anything about the structures of the body 

 generally in relation to Bernardin. I have subjected the spleen, 

 pancreas, kidney, brain, and muscle to the same kind of examination 

 .as I have adopted in the case of the blood, and have found in all a 

 notable amount of Bernardin. 



Muscle has long been known to contain Bernardin (glycogen), but 

 the quantity I obtain by the potash process is decidedly greater than 

 what I believe is generally thought to be present. From cat's muscle, 

 in one of my observations, the analysis yielded upwards of 5 per 1,000. 

 Horse's muscle has been known to be specially characterised as con- 

 taining Bernardin, and 9 per 1,000 in one instance is the quantity I 

 have obtained. 



In the observations I have yet made upon the spleen, pancreas, 

 kidney, and brain, the largest amount of Bernardin has been found in 

 the spleen, and in one instance the quantity indicated was a little 

 under 4 per 1,000. 



Bernardin therefore has been found as a constituent of all the tissues 

 I have up to the present examined. I have likewise obtained it in 

 notable amount from both the white and yolk of egg. 



Besides Bernardin, there is, in the several tissues I have referred to, 

 & cupric oxide reducing substance, which is susceptible of extraction 

 by alcohol, «and this also is present to a somewhat notable extent. In 

 the case of the spleen, pancreas, kidney, and brain, this body appears 

 to be glucose, the reducing power in most of the instances having 

 come out about the same before and after the treatment with sulphuric 

 acid and heat. In the case of muscle, however, the reducing power 

 has been usually observed to be about twice as great after the treat- 

 ment with sulphuric acid and heat as before. It seems, therefore, that 

 we have here a body of the nature of maltose, instead of glucose, to 

 deal with. 



Although I have a considerable number of observations before me, 

 yet I consider it advisable, at present, only to speak in the general way 



