12 THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. 



I consisting of eight reeds of graduated lengths, held in position 

 by a crosspiece of split cane lashed to the reeds with a cord 

 made of the wool of the llama. This pipe has all the reeds open 

 at the lower ends, and yields the following scale : 



Other Pan-pipes are found with reeds closed at the lower end; 

 and still another form has a double set of the same dimensions, 

 — one set open at the bottom and the other closed, those of 

 corresponding length being placed opposite each other. By this 

 arrangement octaves are produced, the closing of a pipe at one 

 end, as is well known, lowering its pitch an octave. This same 

 law is utilized by the modern organ builder in the employment 

 of the so-called open and stopped diapasons. 



A curious and unique syrinx of stone is shown as fig. 3 of 

 [Plate TIL The illustration is made from a plaster cast. The 

 original, which was procured by the French general Paroissien, 

 is made of greenish talc, and is said to have been found on a 

 mummy in a Peruvian tomb. This interesting specimen has been 

 described at length by Carl Engel. 1 Figs. 1 and 2 of Plate JV 

 represent water jars, in human form, made of terra cotta ; both 

 figures are represented in the act of playing the Pan-pipes. 

 Garcilasso says : 



" In music they arrived to a certain harmony, in which the Indians 

 of Colla did more particularly excel, having been the inventors of a 

 certain pipe made of canes glued together, every one of which having 

 a different note of higher and lower, in the manner of organs, made 

 a pleasing music by the dissonancv of sounds: treble, tenor and bass, 

 exactly corresponding and answering each to other; with these pipes 

 they often played in consort, and made tolerable music, though they 

 wanted the quavers, semiquavers, airs, and many voices which per- 

 fect the harmony amongst us." 2 



These pipes are as popular with the modern Indians as they 



1 Musical Instruments, p. 66. 



2 Royal Commentaries of Peru, Ed. Rycaut, Part I, Book II. Chap. XIV. 



