Vll 



record of the final triumph of the view which he had originated 

 and so long laboured to establish was the last scientific paper 

 published by Dr. Carpenter. 



The deep-sea explorations which Dr. Carpenter, assisted by Pro- 

 fessor Wyville Thomson, arranged, and for which he succeeded in 

 obtaining the aid of ships of the Royal Navy, were designed not 

 merely to search for organisms in the great depths of the ocean, but 

 especially to study the ocean currents both deep and superficial, Dr. 

 Carpenter having a strong desire to enter upon the explanation of the 

 great physical phenomena presented by the ocean. He himself took 

 part in the earlier expeditions in 1868 and subsequent years, and 

 though unable to leave the ties which bound him to home, so as to 

 join the " Challenger" Expedition, yet he closely watched the results 

 then obtained, and embodied the whole of his observations, and those 

 reported from the " Challenger," in some extremely suggestive and 

 important memoirs and lectures on ocean circulation. These are as 

 follows: — Reports in the "Proceedings of the Royal Society" on 

 the several cruises of the "Lightning" ("Roy. Soc. Proc," 1868), 

 "Porcupine" (ibid., 1869-70), "Shearwater" (ibid., 1871), and 

 "Valorous" (ibid., 1875); a series of memoirs in the "Roy. 

 Geograph. Soc. Proc," 1871, 1874, 1875, 1877; lectures delivered to 

 and printed by the Royal Institution of London and the United 

 Service Institution; articles in the "Contemporary" and the "Nine- 

 teenth Century" Reviews. 



The more general philosophical views held by Dr. Carpenter, and 

 his conceptions in regard to those topics where science touches 

 religion, may be gathered from a series of articles published by him 

 in the " Modern Review " during the years 1880-84, the titles of 

 which are as follows: — "The Force behind Nature," "Nature and 

 Law," "Charles Darwin; his Life and Work," "The Doctrine of 

 Evolution and its Relations to Theism," " The Argument from Design 

 in the Organic World." 



In 1879 he retired from the Registrarship of the University of 

 London with a well-earned pension, and was at once chosen as a 

 member of the Senate of that body. He now devoted himself with 

 unabated vigour to the prosecution of his studies on Foraminifera and 

 on Comatula, and to more theoretical matters, such as ocean-currents, 

 and the explanation of the frauds of spirit-mediums. Though released 

 from the duties of office, he was still a constant attendant at the 

 Senate of the University, he rarely missed a meeting of the Royal 

 Society or one of the annual gatherings of the British Association, 

 and, besides undertaking the administration of the Gilchrist Trust, 

 delivered many lectures in all parts of the country himself — both 

 independently and as an emissary of the trustees. The scheme of 

 lectures and scholarships instituted by the Gilchrist trustees, which 



