OBITUARY NOTICES OF FELLOWS DECEASED. 



Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Lu"dwig was born on the 29th of Decem- 

 ber, 1816, at Witzenhausen, on the Weser, near Cassel. He graduated 

 at Marburg, in 1839, became prosector under Professor L. Fick, in 

 1841, and the year after obtained the venia legendi, offering for his 

 dissertation a paper on the mechanism of the renal secretion. In 

 1846 he became Extraordinary Professor at Marburg, and in 1849 he 

 was appointed ordinary Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at 

 Zurich. In 1855 he became Professor of Anatomy and Physiology 

 in the Army Medical School (Josef 's-Akademie) at Vienna. In 1865, 

 when the new chair of Physiology was constituted at Leipzig, 

 Ludwig was invited to occupy it, and afterwards assumed the direc- 

 tion of the new Physiological Institute, which had been erected under 

 his own supervision. For a time he took an active part in the 

 reorganisation of the teaching of natural science in the University, but 

 subsequently, and for the remainder of his life, devoted himself almost 

 exclusively to the work of the laboratory. 



Tn 1874 a collection of original memoirs was presented to him, in 

 commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of his professorship, 

 by men holding distinguished positions in science, who had worked 

 with him at Marburg, Zurich, Vienna, or Leipzig. A second Festgabe 

 of the same kind was offered to him in 1886, on his seventieth birth- 

 day. He also received a similar honour from his university, on the 

 fiftieth anniversary of his graduation in medicine. In 1884, Ludwig 

 visited England, to receive the Copley Medal, and was warmly 

 welcomed by his physiological friends, many of whom had been his 

 pupils. As evidence of the influence which his teaching exercised 

 in this country, it may be mentioned that five of the contributors to 

 the Festgabe of 1886 (Brunton, Cash, Gaskell, Schafer, Wooldridge) 

 were English physiologists. 



Among the many lines of investigation of fundamental importance 

 which Ludwig initiated, some of the most remarkable depended on 

 the discovery of new methods. Just as the microscope had opened to 

 the anatomist unexplored fields of research, by bringing him into 

 closer relations with objects which were before beyond his scrutiny, 

 so the recent rapid progress of physics and chemistry had placed 

 more exact modes of observation and of measurement within reach 

 of the physiologist. But the application of these methods was 



vol. lix. b 



