Vascular and Visceral Factors for the Genesis of Emotion. 397 



of efferent and afferent channels by which the vascular system can be 

 possibly affected. 



Of the animals chosen for these further observations, one was selected 

 l)ecause we soon noted marked emotional characteristics in her beha- 

 viour even on her first arrival in the laboratory. She was a mongrel- 

 bred fox-terrier with rather wiry coat, white in colour. She was older 

 than the other dogs ; her exact age we did not know. She quickly 

 showed herself affectionate toward the laboratory attendants, one of 

 whom had her in charge ; but toward some persons and toward several 

 inmates of the animal house, she frequently exhibited violent dis- 

 plays of anger. Her ebullitions of rage were sudden. Their expres- 

 sion accorded well with a description of the symptoms of rage in 

 the dog furnished by Darwin.* Besides the utterance of the growl, 



the ears are pressed closely backwards, and the upper lip is retracted 

 out of the way of the teeth, especially of the canines." The mouth 

 was slightly opened and lifted ; the eyelids widely parted ; the pupils 

 dilated. The hair along the mid-dorsum, from close behind the head 

 to a point more than half way down the trunk, became rough and 

 bristling. A particularly violent outburst of anger was once 

 suddenly, without warning, exhibited against a visitor who happened 

 to enter with me, and had not before visited the room. Spinal tran- 

 section in the cervical region was performed on this animal (under 

 deep anaesthesia). Subsequent examination months later at the autopsy 

 proved the section to have been through the 6th cervical segment, 

 where it trenches on the 7th. The severance was complete, as was 

 confirmed by microscopic examination. Rapid recovery from the 

 trauma followed. An interval of depression of the spinal functions 

 "behind the site of lesion was succeeded by gradual restoration of reflex 

 activity, surface temperature, &c. Sensation, superficial and deep, was 

 found to be lost behind the limit shown by the skin line indicated in 

 the accompanying figure (fig. 2, p. 400, the lower diagram). The 

 ffexors of the elbow were not paralysed, but the extensors were com- 

 pletely so, I have shownf that the sensory nerve supply and motor 

 nerve supply to any muscle have both of them the same segmental 

 position in the spinal cord. Therefore the only muscle still sentient 

 behind the shoulder region must have been the diaphragm. 



No alteration whatever was detected in consequence of this lesion 

 in the occurrence of emotion, as judged by anger, by delight, or, 

 when provocation arose, by fear. Her joy at the approach or notice 

 of the attendant, her rage at the intrusion of a cat with which she 

 was unfriendly, appeared as active and thorough as before. But 

 among the signs expressive of rage the bristling of the coat along 

 the back no longer occurred. On the other hand, the eyes were 



* " Expression of the Emotions," Darwin, London, 1872, p. 117. 

 t ' Phil. Trans.,' London, 1897. 



