402 Vascular and Visceral Factors for the Genesis of Emotion. 



lest in our absence such an attack should recur and prove fatal, pre- 

 cluding the possibility of testing the excitability of the vagi and 

 sympathetic and of thus examining the completeness of their functional 

 removal, I therefore on the 21st day after the latter vagotomy and 

 the 229th after the cervical transection killed the animal under deep 

 'Chloroform narcosis. 



A second dog, a quite young puppy, was made the subject of a 

 ■course of similar experiments. The animal was hardly so suitable, 

 l)ecause it at no time, either before commencement of or in the course 

 ■of the experiment, exhibited to similar degree the signs of anger. Its 

 exhibitions of joy and pleasure, as also, on occasion, of fear, were 

 well marked. The spinal transection in the cervical region, and the 

 double section of the vagi and the cervical sympathetic nerves in the 

 neck, seemed not to dull at all its emotional character as tested 

 by these tests. The spinal transection was through the seventh cervical 

 segment, the section of the vagi above both recurrent laryngeal 

 branches and of the sympathetic trunks at the same level. The animal 

 was preserved under observation 174 days from the time of the first 

 •operation, namely, from the spinal transection. The autopsy proved 

 -all the sections to have been complete. The results have substantiated 

 those noted in the previously related observations. The only point of 

 'difference worth remarking seems that in this last case the reactions 

 were given by a very young animal practically reared in the laboratory, 

 whereas in the just mentioned older bitch there was a past history, 

 with habit and education, of the details of which we in the laboratory 

 knew nothing and have failed to obtain information. 



These experimental observations yield no support to the theories of 

 the production of emotion quoted at the opening of this communica- 

 tion. On the contrary, I cannot but think that they go some way 

 toward negativing them.* A vasomotor theory of the production of 

 emotion seems at any rate rendered quite untenable. I am not sure if 

 I understand Professor Sergi aright when I think that he suggests 

 that in absence of vascular and visceral reactions, the very quality of 

 effective tone must be lacking to sensations. Such a suggestion is 

 opposed by the ease with which evidence of unpleasant, e.g., painful 

 quality of sensation could be evoked by appropriate excitation of the 

 still sentient regions of skin in the animals we had before us, the 

 subject of this note. 



It need hardly be added that the importance of the concurrence, 

 together with the other reactions in emotion, of marked vascular and 



* All who have visited and seen the animals, the subject of this communica- 

 tion, have fully concurred in the opinion of myself and others in the laboratory 

 as to the possession by them of ample and lively emotions. I would especially 

 mention and thank for their attention to the matter, Dr. Abram, Professor Paul, 

 Dr. Warrington, Sir James Russell, and Dr. James Mackenzie. 



