198 ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. [Book 



opinions and manners. And therefore Aristotle doth wisely place 

 rhetoric as between logic on the one side, and moral or civil know 

 ledge on the other, as participating of both : for the proofs and 

 demonstrations of logic are toward all men indifferent and the same : 

 but the proofs and persuasions of rhetoric ought to differ according to 

 the auditors : 



Orpheus in sylvis, inter delphinas Arion. 



Which application, in perfection of idea, ought to extend so far, that 

 if a man should speak of the same thing to several persons, he should 

 speak to them all respectively, and several ways: though this politic 

 part of eloquence in private speech, it is easy for the greatest orators 

 to want ; whilst by the observing their well graced forms of speech, 

 they lose the volubility of application : and therefore it shall not be 

 amiss to recommend this to better inqu ; ry, not being curious whether 

 we place it here, or in that part which conccrneth policy. 



Now therefore will I descend to the deficiencies, which, as I said, 

 are but attendances : and first, I do not find the wisdom and diligence 

 of Aristotle well pursued, who began to make a collection of the 

 popular signs and colours of good and evil, both simple and compara 

 tive, which are as the sophisms of rhetoric, as I touched before. For 

 example ; 



SOPIIISMA. 

 Quod laudatur, bonum : quod vituperatur, malum. 



REDARGUTIO. 



Laudat venales qui vult extrudere merces. 

 Malum est, malum est, inquit emptor ; sed cum recesserit, turn gloriabitur. 



The defects in the labour of Aristotle are three ; one, that there be 

 but a few of many ; another, that their elenchus s are not annexed ; 

 and the third, that he conceived but a part of the use of them : for 

 their use is not only in probation, but much more in impression. For 

 many forms are equal in signification, which are differing in impres 

 sion ; as the difference is great in the piercing of that which is sharp, 

 and that which is flat, though the strength of the percussion be the 

 same : for there is no man but will be a little more raised by hearing 

 i; said; &quot; Your enemies will be glad of this ;&quot; 



Hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridoe ; 

 than by hearing it said only ; &quot; This is evil for you.&quot; 



Secondly, I do resume also that which I mentioned before, touch 

 ing provision or preparatory store, for the furniture of speech and 

 readiness of invention, which appeareth to be of two sorts ; the 

 one in resemblance to a shop of pieces unmade up, the other to 

 a shop of things ready made up, both to be applied to that which is 

 frequent and most in request : the former of these I will call antitheta, 

 and the latter formula:. 



Antithcta are theses argued pro et contra, wherein men may be 

 more large and laborious ; but, in such as are able to do it, to avoid pro- 



