1889.] The Cliemistry of the Urine of the Horse. 



329 



that, with the exception of the following references,* the literature of 

 the subject was remarkably bare. It is true that nothing* had been 

 done in England, but on the Continent, in Germany in particular, the 

 urine of the horse has received especial consideration. My attention 

 was later called to the following references. f 



My difficulty at starting' was to obtain the whole twenty-four hours' 

 urine ; for this purpose I constructed a stall with, sides which sloped 

 towards the centre; running down the centre was a covered drain, 

 the cover being perforated, and arranged in segments so as to allow 

 of thorough cleaning ; this drain led to the rear of the stall, and 

 emptied into a vessel sunk in the ground suitably protected against 

 ingress of foreign material. The entire apparatus was made in cast 

 iron, and protected against rust. 



The arrangement was fonnd to give absolute satisfaction. 



This plan of collecting the urine is nothing like so complicated as 

 that used by Mnnk and others in Germany, which consists of a bag 

 into which the penis is placed, the bag being secured by numerous 

 straps around the belly and between the thighs. There are very few 

 English horses which would allow such an apparatus as Munk's to be 

 strapped under the belly. I shall use this appliance to collect the 

 urine from sick animals, for it is likely that these will not object to 

 wear Munk's contrivance. 



The horse to be experimented upon was previously weighed, when 

 considered necessary, and was then placed in this stall and tied up for 

 twenty-four hours ; the stall was made very narrow so that the 

 animal could not possibly shift from his position. To keep the faeces 

 out of the drain, a little clean straw was put down. 



One great object I had in view in making these experiments was to 

 ascertain the difference between the urine of work and that of repose. 

 The only way in which I could get approximate results with regard 

 to the former was by working the animal for one or more days, and 

 then collecting the urine for the last twenty-four hours; I always 

 took the precaution of ascertaining in every case the urine of repose 

 after at least two or three days' rest. 



The total number of complete analyses made was fifty-four, and 

 these extended over a period of two years ; the total number of 

 urines examined was ninety-six. Influence of season, work, diet, sex, 

 age, &c, were most carefully observed. None of my results were 



* 1 Animal Chemistry ' (Liebig) ; Thomson's ' Animal Chemistry ' (Fourcroy and 

 Yanquelin); Colin's 1 Physiologie Comparee ' (Boussinganlt) ; ' Phil. Trans.,' 1806 

 (Brand e) ; ' Physiological Chemistry ' (Lehmann) ; Simon's ' Chemistry.' 



t Salkowski, ' Zeitschrift fur Physiologische Chemie,' vol. 9, 1885 ; Mnnk, 

 1 Archiv fur Anatomie nnd Physiologie, Physiol. Abth.,' 1880, Suppl.-Heft ; Tereg 

 and Munk, ibid. ; O. Kellner, ' Landwirthschaftliche Jahrbucher,' vols. 8 and 9 ; 

 Siedamgrotzky and Hoffmeister, ' Elementsd'Analyse Chimique ;' J. Tereg, ' Ency- 

 klopadie der gesammten Thierheilkunde and Thierzucht' (" Harn"). 



