348 



Dr. E. A. Wallis Budge. On the Orientation 



or religious worship. For this reason they were driven to various 

 shifts in order to make an old temple suitable for modern require- 

 ments : and when no amount of modification would suffice they even- 

 tually pulled it down, in whole or in part, and rebuilt it on the same 

 site as the old one. 



Since constant intercourse existed between Egypt and the Sudan in 

 very early times, and since the people of the one country were influ- 

 enced greatly by those of the other, it is clear that there is no reason 

 why certain of the Sudan pyramids should not be as old almost as those 

 of Egypt. On this point both astronomy and archaeology agree, and 

 I find, on comparing the tables in the ' Dawn of Astronomy ' and the 

 deductions which the author has made from them with my own obser- 

 vations made from an archaeological standpoint, that our conclusions 

 are identical. I may therefore say finally that we seem to be in the 

 presence of three different sets of structures which were built at three 

 different times. The oldest dates from the Xllth dynasty, when 

 a Centauri was used as a warning star ; the second from B.C. 1200 to 

 B.C. 700, the same warning star being used ; and, finally, a third group 

 much later, when the star Fomalhaut could be observed on the horizon 

 with the identical amplitude first employed. Tables have been pre- 

 pared showing the various azimuth amplitudes and declinations, with 

 corrections for refraction and for hills on the horizon, which are esti- 

 mated at 1° or 2° in height ; but it is not necessary to give them in 

 this place because of the local difficulties in determining the azimuths, 

 to which I have already referred. <fl * 



I have very great pleasure in expressing my thanks to Viscount 

 Cromer, Lord Kitchener (Sirdar of the Egyptian Army), Colonel Sir 

 Francis AYingate, Colonel Sir Budolf Slatin Pasha, Major-General Sir 

 Leslie Bundle, Colonel the Hon. M. G. Talbot, B.E., Colonel W. H. 

 Drage, D.S.O., and to many other British officers for assistance and 

 help in the course of my work. Notwithstanding the incessant and 

 laborious duties which devolved upon them as officers of a frontier 

 field force, they readily and freely found time to forward my investi- 

 gations, and but for their many acts of personal kindness I should 

 have found it impossible to have completed my mission. 



The following table of amplitudes, &c, I owe to the kindness of 

 Professor Sir Norman Lockyer, K.C.B., F.B.S. 



