1893.] 



Submergence of Western Europe, fyc. 



87 



the island escarped rocks rise abruptly to the height of 200 to 300 

 feet. The lower part of these slopes is covered by a consolidated red 

 breccia consisting of angular fragments of the local rocks, mixed 

 with the red earth which covers the hill tops, and containing in places 

 remains of the pigmy Elephant. The author takes this breccia to be 

 the representative of the head at Brighton and Sangatte, only that in 

 this instance the height of the escarpment has prevented its being 

 entirely swamped, as are the old cliffs at those places. It resembles 

 closely the breccia on the Mentone slopes. It is probable that this 

 island, no part of which exceeds a height of 800 feet, was entirely 

 submerged, for not a single species nor even one genus of its 

 Quaternary Mammalia are now found living on the island, nor did 

 any of its peculiar forms pass to the adjacent lands. 



Greece. — The surface deposits of Turkey and Southern Russia are, 

 seemingly, in general accordance with the views here expressed. The 

 rubble beds are, however, better developed in Greece, and are there 

 associated with an osseous breccia. This angular rubble forms great 

 sheets extending to the shore, where they are worn back, and form 

 cliffs 30 to 40 feet high, whilst the present torrents cut through and 

 carry down this drift, spreading it out on the coast in the form of 

 cones of dejection, which often becomes re- cemented like the older 

 breccia. On the adjacent island of Cerigo ossiferous fissures, said 

 to contain human remains, occur on the summit of an isolated flat- 

 topped hill. 



In Crete there are, in places, immense accumulations of angular 

 detritus, and at one spot a Raised Beach is overlaid by a calcareous 

 breccia analogous to the head of the coasts of the Channel. In the 

 island of Rhodes is a breccia which is said not to be distinguishable 

 from that of Greece. 



Asia Minor. — M. de Tchihatchieff says that Quaternary deposits 

 are much less common in Asia Minor than in Europe, and that there 

 are detrital deposits of local origin on the slopes of the hills which 

 may be Quaternary or modern, and remarks on the absence of 

 organic remains in these superficial drifts. 



A raised beach, 5 to 30 feet above present sea level, surrounds 

 Cyprus, but it does not appear to be accompanied by a head, though 

 a sandy bed, "like loess," overlies it in places. Nor is there any 

 record of ossiferous breccia or fissures. This may be owing to the 

 submergence here having been small. 



On the coast of Palestine raised beaches range up to the height of 

 220 feet, but the author cannot find any record of an overlying 

 rubble or head. Traces of a bone-breccia of uncertain relations have, 

 however, been found near Beyrout, and detrital deposits are alluded 

 to ; but the only bone cave described appears to be of Neolithic Age. 

 No ossiferous fissures nor remains of Quaternary Mammalia have 



