XXXV111 



character, and rank among the most valuable contributions ever made 

 to our knowledge of the group. 



During the preparation of the ' " Challenger " Reports,' and after 

 their completion, Carpenter was continuously engaged in the study 

 both of Crinoids and of other groups of Echinodermata, and the 

 long list of his published papers bears striking evidence to bis industry 

 and enthusiasm. He did not himself work much at the embryology 

 of the group, but he paid very special attention to the fossil members : 

 indeed he stands out prominently as one of a comparatively limited 

 number of zoologists who have given practical and emphatic recognition 

 to the fact that zoology and palseontology must not be taught or thought 

 of as separate sciences, or be worked at by separate investigators, 

 but must be considered and treated as one great branch of science. 

 " I have," he says, "the strongest conviction (and many mistakes 

 would be avoided were it a universal one), that the only way to under- 

 stand fossils properly is to gain a thorough knowledge of the morpho- 

 logy of their living representatives. These, on the other hand, seem 

 to me incompletely known if no account is taken of the life-forms which 

 have preceded them." It is to this thorough -going recognition that 

 fossils are not merely parts of animals, but parts of animals akin to 

 those now living on the earth, that the special value of Carpenter's 

 palaeontological work is due. Perhaps his most important contribu- 

 tion from this point of view is the admirable catalogue of the 

 Blastoidea in the British Museum, of which he is joint author with 

 Mr. Robert Etheridge, jun. i many of his smaller papers on paleeonto- 

 logical subjects are also of great value. 



As a zoologist, Carpenter was admittedly the leading authority on 

 the group he had made so specially his own. He was enthusiastically 

 devoted to his subject, and always ready to show his specimens and 

 discuss his results with any brother naturalist. His own work is 

 characterised by extreme thoroughness and conscientiousness rather 

 than by brilliancy, and is perhaps for this reason more certain to 

 endure. As a teacher he never had more than imperfect opportuni- 

 ties ; but, working under circumstances in many ways discouraging, 

 he achieved very considerable success ; and amongst his pupils are 

 some who have gained marked distinction in the science they first 

 learned to know and to respect through him. 



He was a kindly, generous, and unassuming man, whose untimely 

 death will be mourned by friends in many nations. 



A. M. M. 



Sir William Cavendish, seventh Duke of Devonshire, Knight of 

 the Garter, was born on April 27, 1808. His father was Mr. William 

 Cavendish, who married Louisa, daughter of the first Lord Lismore. 

 His grandfather. Lord George Augustus Cavendish, third son of the 



