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THE AMERICAN NATURALIST [Vol. XLYHI 



spots separated from its lower border. A clear line 

 separates the neck patch from the shoulder patch, which 

 is also of most irregular boundary. The side patch, at 

 its fore part, is broken into a series of small islands 

 which tend to arrange themselves in lines following the 

 direction of the ribs. The main part of the patch shows 

 a decided tendency to break into the usual three or per- 

 haps four portions. It is common for cows to have 

 patches with very irregular boundaries and tongues of 

 pigment, which may break off into isolated spots in a 

 most bewildering fashion, but even in such cases it is 

 possible to distinguish the main patches of which these 

 form part. 



White patches occur in other domesticated ungulates 

 as the pig, the llama, the alpaca, the camel, the yak, the 

 reindeer, and the goat. In the water-buffalo, occasional 

 animals seen in Egypt show a beginning of pigment re- 

 duction through the presence of white in the forehead or 

 on the tail. I have had no opportunity to study the mark- 

 ings of these species. 



