No. 433-] 



NOTES AND LITERATURE. 



the species of the first group, and a southern limit to that of the 

 species of the second group, the limit in each case being the point 

 where the spawning temperature disappears ; and the factor which 

 has determined whether a given species was to remain a marine, or 

 to become a fresh water form, has been the egg type. \y C K 



Development of the Face. — As a contribution to the study of the 

 external form of developing vertebrates, Rabl 1 has published eight 

 quarto lithographic plates illustrating the development of the face in 

 mammals. The species chosen are the rabbit, the pig, and the 

 human being; and of the first as many as seventeen stages are 

 shown. Each stage is illustrated as a rule by three views of 

 the head : full face, profile, and three-quarters. The material from 

 which the drawings were made was selected with as much care as 

 the circumstances would permit, and fixed in picro-sublimate or in 

 platinic chloride and sublimate. It was found advantageous for 

 surface views to stain the embryos in Grenacher's alcoholic borax 

 carmine. The surface configuration of such specimens has been 

 rendered in the figures with exquisite fineness of touch, reflecting 

 great credit alike on the draughtsman and the lithographer. The 

 figures are not marred by descriptive lettering, but a sheet of semi- 

 transparent paper is attached to each plate and bears the outlines 

 of the figures and the lettering. The text is a running description 

 of the material. Problems of external morphology are not dis- 

 cussed in it, though the author hopes that the work may afford a 

 basis for the study of the laws governing the development of external 

 form. Three more parts are to be issued covering presumably the 

 other groups of vertebrates, and the whole will constitute an indis- 

 pensable guide not only to the specialist in the development of the 

 face, but to embryologists in general. Great credit is due to the 

 author and to the publisher for the production of so beautiful a piece 

 of work, and also to the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna 

 for its generous support. p. 



Pectoral Appendages of Birds. — The latest published part of 

 Furbringer's 2 exhaustive studies on the comparative anatomy of the 



1 Rabl. C. Die Enhvicklung des Gesichtes. Heft i, Das Gesicht der Sauge- 

 thiere, I. Leipzig, W. Englemann, 1902. vi + 21 pp., 8 pis. 



2 FUrbringer, M. Zur vergleichenden Anatomie des Brustschulterapparates 

 und der Schultermuskeln. Jenaische Zeitsehrift fnr Nituwissemchaft, Bd. xxxvi 

 (1902), pp. 289-736, Taf. XVIII-XXII. 



