1883.] of the so-called Bile of Invertebrates, SfC 



133 



for this colouring-matter, since it is found in the appendages of the 

 enteron, the name enterochlorophyll is proposed. The slight differences 

 observable in different cases are shown to be due to the probable 

 greater or less amount of the usual chlorophyll constituents, — blue 

 chlorophyll, yellow chlorophyll, and chlorof ucine, — and the presence of 

 xanthophyll, lutein or tetronerythrin. Enterochlorophyll is shown 

 to be much more abundant in the livers of Mollusca and in Echinoder- 

 mata than in Crustacea, as the livers of the last generally contain 

 more lutein, or sometimes tetronerythrin. 



The presence of reduced hsematin is also demonstrated in the bile 

 of the crayfish and in several pulmonate Mollusca, and its respiratory 

 and other uses discussed. 



The conclusions which these observations and others led to are 

 summed up as follows : — 



(1.) The existence of enterochlorophyll in the so-called liver, or 

 other appendages of the enteron in Invertebrates is definitely esta- 

 blished. 



(2.) This pigment occurs in greatest abundance in Mollusca, it 

 occurs less frequently in Arthropoda, and its presence in Vermes is not 

 proved. 



(3.) The pyloric caeca of starfishes contain it in great abundance, 

 also the intestinal appendages of Echinus, which fact shows that the 

 former function like the so-called liver of other Invertebrates. 



(4.) The bile of the crayfish and that of pulmonate Mollusca contains 

 haemochromogen ; in the latter it is generally accompanied by entero- 

 chlorophyll, and appears to be concerned more in aerial than aquatic 

 respiration. 



(5.) The so-called liver of Invertebrates is a pigment-producing and 

 storing organ, as well as being concerned in the preparation of a 

 digestive ferment. 



(6.) The presence of haemochromogen in the bile of Invertebrates 

 is apparently determined by their mode of living ; and it does not 

 appear to be distributed according to purely morphological con- 

 siderations. 



The remainder of the paper deals with vertebrate bile pigments, and 

 contains some observations on abnormal urinary colouring-matters 

 mainly with regard to their spectroscopy. The various bile pigments 

 of Stadeler are first dealt with, and some remarks on the bile spectra of 

 animals follow ; here it is shown that urobilin can be extracted from 

 the liver of Salamandra maculata by means of alcohol, that it is 

 absent from reptilian bile during hibernation, and that the liver of 

 fishes may contain tetronerythrin which can be extracted from it 

 by suitable solvents. The latter fact suggests an analogous function 

 to that of the liver of Invertebrata. 



The results of the examination of a green hydrocele liquid are 



