130 ARCHITECTURE. BOOK I. 



loose : in the latter case, one or both of the frames have hinges, 

 and open either outwards or inwards. In the Scots cottage 

 windows, the glass is always in large square pieces fixed in 

 wood ; in the English,- always in small square or rhomboidal 

 lozenges*, glazed in lead, and fixed in an iron frame. 



The chimnies in this cottage were sometimes, and most ge- 

 nerally, carried up in the two end walls or gables ; but fre- 

 quently in the central wall which separated the two apart- 

 ments f. In this case, the roof was sloped on all sides in the 

 pavilion manner. The roof here, as in the other kind, was 

 covered with the most ready materials, generally thatch and 

 turf ; in some places heath was used, as in many parts of the 



* Why the lozenge or diamond form should have a preference to the square is 

 foreign to the present inquiry. 



f There is a sort of cottage common in several parts of the north, in which the 

 chimney is a hollow cone, or pyramicf, formed of wood and clay, and suspended 

 from the gable ; the fire is made in an iron grate with open ribs on all sides, and, 

 placed under the middle of this projection, diffuses its heat on every side, while 

 the smoke ascends the wide cone or chimney. This plan has the advantage of allowing 

 a numerous family to sit around it, and originated from the practice of small far- 

 mers, who formerly used to live in their kitchens with their servants and the whole 

 family. This practice is still in use in several parts of England ; but it is given up 

 in Scotland, where the agriculture is more perfect, and the farmer a much more 

 enlightened and respectable member of society. This mode of constructing the 

 kitchen fire-place exists only in some old cottages. Modern families are seldom 

 or never so large as to render it necessary, and hence it deserves no particular 

 consideration in these pages., 



