PART IV. AGRICULTURE. 215 



bottoms, fig. 9. is the best shape, as it will scarcely produce 

 any eddy, and will have an effect almost as mild as one of 

 wicker-work. This pier was designed for and highly approved 

 by the Hon. Lord Sinclair of Herdmanston, to guard and pre- 

 serve a valuable court of stable offices from the river Tyne, 

 which was rapidly undermining them some years ago. It is 

 built of rubble masonry internally, ashler work externally, and 

 with mortar prepared in the proper manner. 



Piers of wicker-work, which answer well, may be seen on the 

 river Jed near Crailing, and on the Almond near New Liston. 



sect. v. op The materials with which embankments 



ARE CONSTRUCTED. 



The perpendicular kind of embankment, fig. 4., for defending 

 abrupt shores, as already mentioned, is simply a wall, which 

 may be good brick-work, rubble-work, or ashler. The mortar 

 used should be of the strongest kind ; or else, if built in the 

 common way, they should be pointed with puzzolana earth, or 

 Roman cement*. The sloped embankments may be ma^de of 



* Prepared by Parker and Co. London. 



