PART V. CULINARY GARDENING. 265 



years shoots only, as the peach and nectarine. Others produce 

 them chiefly from studs, or spurs, as the apple, pear, and plum. 

 Some by both these modes, as the apricot and gooseberry. 

 Others almost entirely from studs and knotty joints, as the 

 red and white currants, &c. Some trees require most of their 

 young wood to be cut off, as the currant; others very little of 

 it, as the peach, and most pears; others are materially injured 

 by being much pruned, as the cherry, plum, and most stone 

 fruit. Some bear any degree of it, as the apple and several 

 kinds of pears. 



Training by fixtures is properly a branch of pruning. It 

 is used for two purposes ; either to protect exotics or tender 

 fruit trees from the wind ; to improve their climate, by spread- 

 ing them regularly upon a wall, or to support climbing or 

 trailing plants. The first method is generally performed either 

 by spreading the branches, horizontally and parallel to each 

 other, upon an upright rail, as in common espaliers, or by 

 spreading them upon a horizontal rail, as in table espaliers. 

 In some cases it is also done upon an inclined rail, or upon cir- 

 cular or basket ones. Training to improve the climate is 

 chiefly against a wall, and is either performed in the fan, or ho- 

 rizontal manner. The fan manner is calculated for soonest co- 

 vering the wall, and is also most proper for such kinds as do 

 not abound in superfluous wood, as the cherry, peach, and 



M m 



