PART VII. PICTURESQUE IMPROVEMENT. 397 



How a waterfall of this kind may be designed will appear 

 from Plate XVII. fig. 1. Suppose a b a brook or river, and that e 

 is the spot where a fall from one of the banks was desirable. 

 All that is necessary is, to take the levels from that point up 

 the river or brook to where the horizontal line intersects the 

 present surface of the water. Suppose this to take place at d ; 

 all that is necessary is, to make a cut from d to c either open 

 or covered, and either crooked and nearly parallel to the river, 

 or in a straight line, as economy and the nature of the ground 

 may direct. 



Waterfalls for driving machinery are generally understood : 

 and as no disguise in the masonry is necessary, but art is in ge- 

 neral to appear, the principles of strength and durability already 

 noticed are what chiefly demand attention. I must remark on 

 this part of the subject, that it is to be regretted that so few 

 who have rivers take advantage of it, and that so many make 

 cascades equally formal and unnatural without any real use, 

 and with little beauty either of character in themselves, or 

 adaption and connexion with the scenery. 



2. Cascades. — The general remarks respecting the formation 

 of waterfalls will apply to cascades. When upon a small scale, 

 and where a plenteous current of water subsists at all seasons 

 of the year, the same form may be built, with the same care in 



