PART VII. PICTURESQUE IMPROVEMENT. 405 



a way as to exclude the appearance of surface, broken ground* 

 rocks, roots, and stones, which are more natural to islands than 

 to shores, because it must always be supposed that it has been 

 some of these materials which have either occasioned the accu- 

 mulation of the island, or have prevented it from being washed 

 away. 



7. The expense attending the formation of artificial water. — 

 Every one knows, that according to the present mode this is* 

 enormous, and sometimes has occasioned the ruin of an indivi- 

 dual. By the mode proposed, it will in every case be much 

 cheaper, and often remarkably so. This will appear if we con- 

 sider the different operations of their formation according to 

 both modes. These are, excavating the bed of the proposed 

 water, forming the head, spreading the earth taken out, and 

 managing the surrounding surface. 



1. Excavation and forming of the head. — The chief reason why 

 this is so expensive is, that a river is commonly imitated ; which, 

 owing to the natural slope of all grounds, requires not only 

 larger heads, but a considerable number of them. By imi- 

 tating chiefly lakes, one head is generally all that is requisite ; 

 and this often of a much smaller size than those of rivers. 

 Hence a material difference of expense in this article alone. 



