No. 580] ORIGIN OF SINGLE CHARACTERS 223 



characters" are dominant and others recessive. This 

 raises the general problem of the carious causes of sep- 

 arability of characters in the body and in the germ. 

 First, it will appear that continuity or discontinuity of 

 origin has little to do with separability in the germ. 



6. Waagen's Observations on the Continuous and Ortho- 

 genic Origin of New Characters 

 The first paleontologist to point out the separate origin 

 and phyletic movement of single new numerical charac- 

 ters as distinguished from contemporary proportional 

 changes was Waagen in his observations on Ammonites 

 subradiatus, published in 1869 (p. 23). 14 His two great 

 principles were announced as follows: 

 I. [The Variety.] The chi 



