Scandinavian Race 39 



forms. In the female specimen referred to above, the antlers are as large as 

 those of the male, but simpler and without the back-tine, but in other 

 Norwegian examples they are much smaller. 



Distribution. — The Scandinavian reindeer inhabits a large part of 

 Norway, Sweden, and Lapland, and extends into Russia, although its 

 eastern limits in Asia cannot yet be ascertained. In the Ural district the 

 southern limits are about the 52nd parallel of latitude in the Kirghiz 

 Steppes, but in Kazan reindeer are not known south of latitude 54°. The 

 domestic race has been introduced into Iceland. In the extreme north, 

 reindeer, although unknown in Franz Josef Land, are found at Cape 

 Chelyuskin, and also in Novaia Zemlia, Spitzbergen, and Phipps and 

 Parry Islands, lying between the 80th and 8 1 st parallels. I have, however, 

 no means of knowing to what race these belong. Even in the historic 

 period the southern range of the reindeer seems to have been more ex- 

 tensive than at present, as these animals are stated to have existed in the 

 Black Forest during Cassar's time, although their alleged occurrence in 

 Caithness is probably incorrect. Be this as it may, there is abundant 

 evidence of the existence of reindeer in Britain during the Plistocene epoch, 

 and they even extended as far south as the valleys of the Dordogne 

 and Garonne in France. In the memoir already cited, Dr. Scharff states 

 that two races of reindeer, the one representing the American barren- 

 ground and the other the woodland type, are met with in Europe, while 

 only the latter occurs in Asia. And he proceeds to draw the inference 

 that while the woodland type reached Asia by way of Bering Strait, 

 the barren-ground race has migrated by way of Greenland, and that this 

 race alone reached Ireland. With regard to the occurrence of the wood- 

 land form in Eastern Asia, I agree with the author, but I cannot see that 

 the Scandinavian reindeer can be identified with the barren-ground race, 

 neither can I find evidence of the existence of the woodland type in 

 Europe at the present day, whatever may have been the case in past epochs. 

 Whether the wild Kazan reindeer are the same as the Scandinavian, may 

 perhaps be doubtful. Eversmann 1 states that the females of the former are 

 generally without antlers, and that the males are considerably larger than 

 those from Norway and Lapland. 



Habits. — In treating of the habits of the Scandinavian reindeer, those 



1 Bull. Soc. Moscou, 184.0, p. 58. 



