FRUIT AND KITCHEN GARDENS NEAR PARIS. 199 



on the upper sides of the branches meres are inclined forward ; 

 but then others from them must be perpendicular, or the greater 

 portion of the space included by the two main branches, or half 

 the wall, must remain void. 



Professor Du Breuil has commenced the training of some 

 trees, in which two main branches are laid off according to the 

 Montreuil mode, as are likewise the branches from the under 

 side of these ; but the branches for filling the centre are reversed 

 till they are brought to an angle of 45°, thus forming right 

 angles with the main branches from which they spring. By this 

 mode there are no upright branches, and consequently no un- 

 equal competition between such and those in a depressed position, 

 requiring the frequent application of the knife to maintain the 

 balance of force in the flow of sap. That mode of training 

 must be good in principle which gives a position to the branches 

 that will ensure an equal distribution of sap with the least 

 possible interference by the knife. In the mode under con- 

 sideration, the branches occupying the centre have an elevation 

 of 40 3 , whilst those produced on the under side of the main 

 branches have only 20° ; but the latter are allowed two years' 

 growth before the former are allowed to spring ; besides, the 

 branches from the upper side, although they have a greater 

 elevation, yet in them the sap has to turn at an angle of 90° 

 from its direction in the main branches ; but from these main 

 branches the lower diverge at an angle of not more than 35°. 

 The sap will accordingly pass more readily into these than into 

 the others where it has to turn at a right angle. The trees 

 under training according to this mode are not so far advanced as 

 to furnish absolute proof of its merits, but it will doubtless 

 answer. The same principles were adopted many years ago, 

 with trees that had proved unmanageable under the Montreuil 

 system, in a rich border in the Society's Garden at Chiswick. 



Amongst various other forms for training the Peach some trees 

 were set off with two stems, like the letter U, from the outsides 

 of which branches are trained horizontally. In one of these the 

 two lowest horizontals are continuations of the two main stems ; 

 and from the upper side of these, about 18 inches apart, shoots 

 are trained upright and parallel, from which all the other 

 horizontal branches proceed : also, from both sides of these ho- 

 rizontals, bearing-shoots, about 18 inches apart, are trained with 

 an inclination forwards. By this mode it is sometimes difficult 

 to maintain an equal degree of vigour in both sides of the tree. 



Another tree is intended to be trained with a wavy central 

 stem. When in the state of a young shoot, this stem is bent 

 first to the left, then to the right ; and where it commences to 

 turn from left to right a shoot is encouraged on the outside of 



